Effect of Blast Injury on Auditory Localization in Military Service Members

Objectives: Among the many advantages of binaural hearing are the abilities to localize sounds in space and to attend to one sound in the presence of many sounds. Binaural hearing provides benefits for all listeners, but it may be especially critical for military personnel who must maintain situational awareness in complex tactical environments with multiple speech and noise sources. There is concern that Military Service Members who have been exposed to one or more high-intensity blasts during their tour of duty may have difficulty with binaural and spatial ability due to degradation in auditory and cognitive processes. The primary objective of this study was to assess the ability of blast-exposed Military Service Members to localize speech sounds in quiet and in multisource environments with one or two competing talkers. Design: Participants were presented with one, two, or three topic-related (e.g., sports, food, travel) sentences under headphones and required to attend to, and then locate the source of, the sentence pertaining to a prespecified target topic within a virtual space. The listener’s head position was monitored by a head-mounted tracking device that continuously updated the apparent spatial location of the target and competing speech sounds as the subject turned within the virtual space. Measurements of auditory localization ability included mean absolute error in locating the source of the target sentence, the time it took to locate the target sentence within 30 degrees, target/competitor confusion errors, response time, and cumulative head motion. Twenty-one blast-exposed Active-Duty or Veteran Military Service Members (blast-exposed group) and 33 non-blast-exposed Service Members and beneficiaries (control group) were evaluated. Results: In general, the blast-exposed group performed as well as the control group if the task involved localizing the source of a single speech target. However, if the task involved two or three simultaneous talkers, localization ability was compromised for some participants in the blast-exposed group. Blast-exposed participants were less accurate in their localization responses and required more exploratory head movements to find the location of the target talker. Conclusions: Results suggest that blast-exposed participants have more difficulty than non-blast-exposed participants in localizing sounds in complex acoustic environments. This apparent deficit in spatial hearing ability highlights the need to develop new diagnostic tests using complex listening tasks that involve multiple sound sources that require speech segregation and comprehension. Written work prepared by employees of the Federal Government as part of their official duties is, under the U.S. Copyright Act, a “work of the United States Government” for which copyright protection under Title 17 of the United States Code is not available. As such, copyright does not extend to the contributions of employees of the Federal Government. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This article is dedicated to Dr. R. (Steve) Ackley (1946-2013), Chair, Department of Speech, Hearing, and Language Sciences at Gallaudet University. He served as an advisor to the first author, L. Kubli. Dr. Ackley provided guidance, patience, humor, and support to complete the research study. He was an admirable mentor and friend who is missed dearly. The research was supported by a grant (D61I10J826) from the Defense Medical Research and Development Program. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address for correspondence: Lina R. Kubli, 810 Vermont Avenue, NW (10P9R), Washington DC, 20420, USA. E-mail: lina.kubli@va.gov Received August 19, 2016; accepted September 26, 2017. Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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