Negative Association of Hepatitis B Virus With Hearing Impairment

Purpose

Hearing impairment is one of the most common chronic diseases causing deterioration of the quality of life in elderly individuals. Several viral infections have been suggested to cause hearing impairment. We investigated association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with hearing impairment using a representative sample of the Korean population.

Method

Participants included 6,583 men and 8,702 women, who were ≥ 20 years of age from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys of the Korean population (2010–2012). Air-conduction pure-tone thresholds were measured in a soundproof booth using an automatic audiometer for each ear at 6 frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz). An audiometric test and a laboratory examination, including an HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) test, were performed.

Results

Subjects who are HBsAg positive had lower average of pure-tone thresholds and lower prevalence of hearing impairment at both low/mid and high frequency compared with those without. Adjusted means of hearing thresholds were also lower among subjects who are HBsAg positive compared with subjects who are HBsAg negative. After the adjustment for age and gender, the odds of high-frequency mild hearing impairment were lower for subjects with HBV infection. In the multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for confounding variables, the significant negative association between HBV infection and high-frequency mild hearing impairment still remained.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous reports, subjects who are HBsAg positive had a lower prevalence of hearing impairment compared with subjects who are HBsAg negative. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism regarding their negative relationship.

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Negative Association of Hepatitis B Virus With Hearing Impairment

Purpose

Hearing impairment is one of the most common chronic diseases causing deterioration of the quality of life in elderly individuals. Several viral infections have been suggested to cause hearing impairment. We investigated association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with hearing impairment using a representative sample of the Korean population.

Method

Participants included 6,583 men and 8,702 women, who were ≥ 20 years of age from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys of the Korean population (2010–2012). Air-conduction pure-tone thresholds were measured in a soundproof booth using an automatic audiometer for each ear at 6 frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz). An audiometric test and a laboratory examination, including an HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) test, were performed.

Results

Subjects who are HBsAg positive had lower average of pure-tone thresholds and lower prevalence of hearing impairment at both low/mid and high frequency compared with those without. Adjusted means of hearing thresholds were also lower among subjects who are HBsAg positive compared with subjects who are HBsAg negative. After the adjustment for age and gender, the odds of high-frequency mild hearing impairment were lower for subjects with HBV infection. In the multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for confounding variables, the significant negative association between HBV infection and high-frequency mild hearing impairment still remained.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous reports, subjects who are HBsAg positive had a lower prevalence of hearing impairment compared with subjects who are HBsAg negative. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism regarding their negative relationship.

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An Application of Network Science to Phonological Sequence Learning in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose

Network science has been a valuable tool in language research for investigating relationships between complex linguistic elements but has not yet been applied to sound sequencing in production. In the present work, we used standard error-based accuracy and articulatory kinematic approaches as well as novel measures from network science to evaluate variability and sequencing errors in speech production in children with developmental language disorder (DLD; aka specific language impairment).

Method

Twelve preschoolers with DLD and 12 age-matched controls participated in a 3-day novel word learning study. Transcription and articulatory movement data were collected to measure accuracy and variability of productions, and networks of speech productions were generated to analyze syllable co-occurrence patterns.

Results

Results indicated that children with DLD were less accurate than children with typical language at the segmental level. Crucially, these findings did not align with performance at the articulatory level, where there were no differences in movement variability between children with DLD and those with typical language. Network analyses revealed characteristics that were not captured by standard measures of phonetic accuracy, including a larger inventory of syllable forms, more connections between the forms, and less consistent production patterns.

Conclusions

Network science provides significant insights into phonological learning trajectories in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Importantly, errors in word production by children with DLD do not surface as a result of weakness in articulatory control. Instead, results suggest that speech errors in DLD may relate to deficits in sound sequencing.

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Perceived Voice Quality and Voice-Related Problems Among Older Adults With Hearing Impairments

The auditory system helps regulate phonation. A speaker's perception of their own voice is likely to be of both emotional and functional significance. Although many investigations have observed deviating voice qualities in individuals who are prelingually deaf or profoundly hearing impaired, less is known regarding how older adults with acquired hearing impairments perceive their own voice and potential voice problems.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate problems relating to phonation and self-perceived voice sound quality in older adults based on hearing ability and the use of hearing aids.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study, with 290 participants divided into 3 groups (matched by age and gender): (a) individuals with hearing impairments who did not use hearing aids (n = 110), (b) individuals with hearing impairments who did use hearing aids (n = 110), and (c) individuals with no hearing impairments (n = 70). All participants underwent a pure-tone audiometry exam; completed standardized questionnaires regarding their hearing, voice, and general health; and were recorded speaking in a soundproof room.

Results

The hearing aid users surpassed the benchmarks for having a voice disorder on the Voice Handicap Index (VHI; Jacobson et al., 1997) at almost double the rate predicted by the Swedish normative values for their age range, although there was no significant difference in acoustical measures between any of the groups. Both groups with hearing impairments scored significantly higher on the VHI than the control group, indicating more impairment. It remains inconclusive how much hearing loss versus hearing aids separately contribute to the difference in voice problems. The total scores on the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (Ventry & Weinstein, 1982), in combination with the variables gender and age, explained 21.9% of the variance on the VHI. Perceiving one's own voice as being distorted, dull, or hollow had a strong negative association with a general satisfaction about the sound quality of one's own voice. In addition, groupwise differences in own-voice descriptions suggest that a negative perception of one's voice could be influenced by alterations caused by hearing aid processing.

Conclusions

The results indicate that hearing impairments and hearing aids affect several aspects of vocal satisfaction in older adults. A greater understanding of how hearing impairments and hearing aids relate to voice problems may contribute to better voice and hearing care.

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Pure-Tone Frequency Discrimination in Preschoolers, Young School-Age Children, and Adults

Purpose

Published data indicate nearly adultlike frequency discrimination in infants but large child–adult differences for school-age children. This study evaluated the role that differences in measurement procedures and stimuli may have played in the apparent nonmonotonicity. Frequency discrimination was assessed in preschoolers, young school-age children, and adults using stimuli and procedures that have previously been used to test infants.

Method

Listeners were preschoolers (3–4 years), young school-age children (5–6 years), and adults (19–38 years). Performance was assessed using a single-interval, observer-based method and a continuous train of stimuli, similar to that previously used to evaluate infants. Testing was completed using 500- and 5000-Hz standard tones, fixed within a set of trials. Thresholds for frequency discrimination were obtained using an adaptive, two-down one-up procedure. Adults and most school-age children responded by raising their hands. An observer-based, conditioned-play response was used to test preschoolers and those school-age children for whom the hand-raise procedure was not effective for conditioning.

Results

Results suggest an effect of age and frequency on thresholds but no interaction between these 2 factors. A lower proportion of preschoolers completed training compared with young school-age children. For those children who completed training, however, thresholds did not improve significantly with age; both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. Performance was better for the 500-Hz standard frequency compared with the 5000-Hz standard frequency.

Conclusions

Thresholds for school-age children were broadly similar to those previously observed using a forced-choice procedure. Although there was a trend for improved performance with increasing age, no significant age effect was observed between preschoolers and school-age children. The practice of excluding participants based on failure to meet conditioning criteria in an observer-based task could contribute to the relatively good performance observed for preschoolers in this study and the adultlike performance previously observed in infants.

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A Simple Method to Obtain Basic Acoustic Measures From Video Recordings as Subtitles

Purpose

Sound pressure level (SPL) and fundamental frequency (f^o) are very basic and important measures in the acoustical assessment of voice quality, and their variation influences also the vocal fold vibration characteristics. Most sophisticated laryngeal videostroboscopic systems therefore also measure and display the SPL and f^o values directly over the video frames by means of a rather expensive special hardware setup. An alternative simple software-based method is presented here to obtain these measures as video subtitles.

Method

The software extracts acoustic data from the video recording, calculates the SPL and f^o parameters, and saves their values in a separate subtitle file. To ensure the correct SPL values, the microphone signal is calibrated beforehand with a sound level meter.

Results

The new approach was tested on videokymographic recordings obtained laryngoscopically. The results of SPL and f^o values calculated from the videokymographic recording, subtitles creation, and their display are presented.

Conclusions

This method is useful in integrating the acoustic measures with any kind of video recordings containing audio data when inbuilt hardware means are not available. However, calibration and other technical aspects related to data acquisition and synchronization described in this article should be properly taken care of during the recording.

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An Application of Network Science to Phonological Sequence Learning in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose

Network science has been a valuable tool in language research for investigating relationships between complex linguistic elements but has not yet been applied to sound sequencing in production. In the present work, we used standard error-based accuracy and articulatory kinematic approaches as well as novel measures from network science to evaluate variability and sequencing errors in speech production in children with developmental language disorder (DLD; aka specific language impairment).

Method

Twelve preschoolers with DLD and 12 age-matched controls participated in a 3-day novel word learning study. Transcription and articulatory movement data were collected to measure accuracy and variability of productions, and networks of speech productions were generated to analyze syllable co-occurrence patterns.

Results

Results indicated that children with DLD were less accurate than children with typical language at the segmental level. Crucially, these findings did not align with performance at the articulatory level, where there were no differences in movement variability between children with DLD and those with typical language. Network analyses revealed characteristics that were not captured by standard measures of phonetic accuracy, including a larger inventory of syllable forms, more connections between the forms, and less consistent production patterns.

Conclusions

Network science provides significant insights into phonological learning trajectories in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Importantly, errors in word production by children with DLD do not surface as a result of weakness in articulatory control. Instead, results suggest that speech errors in DLD may relate to deficits in sound sequencing.

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Perceived Voice Quality and Voice-Related Problems Among Older Adults With Hearing Impairments

The auditory system helps regulate phonation. A speaker's perception of their own voice is likely to be of both emotional and functional significance. Although many investigations have observed deviating voice qualities in individuals who are prelingually deaf or profoundly hearing impaired, less is known regarding how older adults with acquired hearing impairments perceive their own voice and potential voice problems.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate problems relating to phonation and self-perceived voice sound quality in older adults based on hearing ability and the use of hearing aids.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study, with 290 participants divided into 3 groups (matched by age and gender): (a) individuals with hearing impairments who did not use hearing aids (n = 110), (b) individuals with hearing impairments who did use hearing aids (n = 110), and (c) individuals with no hearing impairments (n = 70). All participants underwent a pure-tone audiometry exam; completed standardized questionnaires regarding their hearing, voice, and general health; and were recorded speaking in a soundproof room.

Results

The hearing aid users surpassed the benchmarks for having a voice disorder on the Voice Handicap Index (VHI; Jacobson et al., 1997) at almost double the rate predicted by the Swedish normative values for their age range, although there was no significant difference in acoustical measures between any of the groups. Both groups with hearing impairments scored significantly higher on the VHI than the control group, indicating more impairment. It remains inconclusive how much hearing loss versus hearing aids separately contribute to the difference in voice problems. The total scores on the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (Ventry & Weinstein, 1982), in combination with the variables gender and age, explained 21.9% of the variance on the VHI. Perceiving one's own voice as being distorted, dull, or hollow had a strong negative association with a general satisfaction about the sound quality of one's own voice. In addition, groupwise differences in own-voice descriptions suggest that a negative perception of one's voice could be influenced by alterations caused by hearing aid processing.

Conclusions

The results indicate that hearing impairments and hearing aids affect several aspects of vocal satisfaction in older adults. A greater understanding of how hearing impairments and hearing aids relate to voice problems may contribute to better voice and hearing care.

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Pure-Tone Frequency Discrimination in Preschoolers, Young School-Age Children, and Adults

Purpose

Published data indicate nearly adultlike frequency discrimination in infants but large child–adult differences for school-age children. This study evaluated the role that differences in measurement procedures and stimuli may have played in the apparent nonmonotonicity. Frequency discrimination was assessed in preschoolers, young school-age children, and adults using stimuli and procedures that have previously been used to test infants.

Method

Listeners were preschoolers (3–4 years), young school-age children (5–6 years), and adults (19–38 years). Performance was assessed using a single-interval, observer-based method and a continuous train of stimuli, similar to that previously used to evaluate infants. Testing was completed using 500- and 5000-Hz standard tones, fixed within a set of trials. Thresholds for frequency discrimination were obtained using an adaptive, two-down one-up procedure. Adults and most school-age children responded by raising their hands. An observer-based, conditioned-play response was used to test preschoolers and those school-age children for whom the hand-raise procedure was not effective for conditioning.

Results

Results suggest an effect of age and frequency on thresholds but no interaction between these 2 factors. A lower proportion of preschoolers completed training compared with young school-age children. For those children who completed training, however, thresholds did not improve significantly with age; both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. Performance was better for the 500-Hz standard frequency compared with the 5000-Hz standard frequency.

Conclusions

Thresholds for school-age children were broadly similar to those previously observed using a forced-choice procedure. Although there was a trend for improved performance with increasing age, no significant age effect was observed between preschoolers and school-age children. The practice of excluding participants based on failure to meet conditioning criteria in an observer-based task could contribute to the relatively good performance observed for preschoolers in this study and the adultlike performance previously observed in infants.

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A Simple Method to Obtain Basic Acoustic Measures From Video Recordings as Subtitles

Purpose

Sound pressure level (SPL) and fundamental frequency (f^o) are very basic and important measures in the acoustical assessment of voice quality, and their variation influences also the vocal fold vibration characteristics. Most sophisticated laryngeal videostroboscopic systems therefore also measure and display the SPL and f^o values directly over the video frames by means of a rather expensive special hardware setup. An alternative simple software-based method is presented here to obtain these measures as video subtitles.

Method

The software extracts acoustic data from the video recording, calculates the SPL and f^o parameters, and saves their values in a separate subtitle file. To ensure the correct SPL values, the microphone signal is calibrated beforehand with a sound level meter.

Results

The new approach was tested on videokymographic recordings obtained laryngoscopically. The results of SPL and f^o values calculated from the videokymographic recording, subtitles creation, and their display are presented.

Conclusions

This method is useful in integrating the acoustic measures with any kind of video recordings containing audio data when inbuilt hardware means are not available. However, calibration and other technical aspects related to data acquisition and synchronization described in this article should be properly taken care of during the recording.

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Development and validation of a method to record electrophysiological responses in direct acoustic cochlear implant subjects

Publication date: Available online 28 August 2018

Source: Hearing Research

Author(s): Hanne Deprez, Robin Gransier, Michael Hofmann, Jan Wouters, Nicolas Verhaert

Abstract

Acoustic hearing implants, such as direct acoustic cochlear implants (DACIs), can be used to treat profound mixed hearing loss. Electrophysiological responses in DACI subjects are of interest to confirm auditory processing intra-operatively, and to assist DACI fitting post-operatively. We present two related studies, focusing on DACI artifacts and electrophysiological measurements in DACI subjects, respectively. In the first study we aimed to characterize DACI artifacts, to study the feasibility of measuring frequency-specific electrophysiological responses in DACI subjects. Measurements of DACI artifacts were collected in a cadaveric head to disentangle possible DACI artifact sources and compared to a constructed DACI artifact template. It is shown that for moderate stimulation levels, DACI artifacts are mainly dominated by the artifact from the radio frequency (RF) communication signal, that can be modeled if the RF encoding protocol is known. In a second study, the feasibility of measuring intra-operative responses, without applying the RF artifact models, in DACI subjects is investigated. Auditory steady-state and brainstem responses were measured intra-operatively in three DACI subjects, immediately after implantation, to confirm proper DACI functioning and coupling to the inner ear. Intra-operative responses could be measured in two of the three tested subjects. Absence of intra-operative responses in the third subject can possibly be explained by the hearing loss, attenuation of intra-operative responses, the difference between electrophysiological and behavioral threshold, and a temporary threshold shift due to the DACI surgery. In conclusion, RF artifacts can be modeled, such that electrophysiological responses to frequency-specific stimuli could possibly be measured in DACI subjects, and intra-operative responses in DACI subjects can be obtained.

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Development and validation of a method to record electrophysiological responses in direct acoustic cochlear implant subjects

Publication date: Available online 28 August 2018

Source: Hearing Research

Author(s): Hanne Deprez, Robin Gransier, Michael Hofmann, Jan Wouters, Nicolas Verhaert

Abstract

Acoustic hearing implants, such as direct acoustic cochlear implants (DACIs), can be used to treat profound mixed hearing loss. Electrophysiological responses in DACI subjects are of interest to confirm auditory processing intra-operatively, and to assist DACI fitting post-operatively. We present two related studies, focusing on DACI artifacts and electrophysiological measurements in DACI subjects, respectively. In the first study we aimed to characterize DACI artifacts, to study the feasibility of measuring frequency-specific electrophysiological responses in DACI subjects. Measurements of DACI artifacts were collected in a cadaveric head to disentangle possible DACI artifact sources and compared to a constructed DACI artifact template. It is shown that for moderate stimulation levels, DACI artifacts are mainly dominated by the artifact from the radio frequency (RF) communication signal, that can be modeled if the RF encoding protocol is known. In a second study, the feasibility of measuring intra-operative responses, without applying the RF artifact models, in DACI subjects is investigated. Auditory steady-state and brainstem responses were measured intra-operatively in three DACI subjects, immediately after implantation, to confirm proper DACI functioning and coupling to the inner ear. Intra-operative responses could be measured in two of the three tested subjects. Absence of intra-operative responses in the third subject can possibly be explained by the hearing loss, attenuation of intra-operative responses, the difference between electrophysiological and behavioral threshold, and a temporary threshold shift due to the DACI surgery. In conclusion, RF artifacts can be modeled, such that electrophysiological responses to frequency-specific stimuli could possibly be measured in DACI subjects, and intra-operative responses in DACI subjects can be obtained.

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Effects of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability and automaticity of walking

Publication date: Available online 27 August 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): Daniel Hamacher, Dennis Hamacher, Michèle Hohnbaum, Karsten Gerth, Lutz Schega, Astrid Zech

Abstract

Background

While the effects of diseases, performance of proprioceptors, anxiety or pain on gait stability or automaticity of walking are well-explored, physical fatigue might be another relevant factor whose consequences are not sufficiently investigated, yet.

Research question

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability (LDS) and automaticity of gait.

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial, 30 young and healthy adults were randomly assigned to either a passive control group or a fatigue group. The participants assigned to the fatigue group passed a shuttle-run test which finished at maximal exhaustion while those of the control group rested in sitting position for 15 minutes. Immediately before and after the intervention, local dynamic gait stability as well as the cognitive (serial seven subtractions) and motor dual-task costs, as a measure of automaticity, were registered.

Results

While there was no effect of fatigue on LDS during single-task walking, we observed an interaction effect for LDS in the dual-task condition (p = .034) and for the motor dual-task costs (p = .031). Lower dual-task costs were found in the fatigued group in the post-test compared to the pre-test while the control group increased their costs at the same time.

Significance

In conclusion, gait automaticity might increase after total exhaustion in young adults. Still, the underlying mechanisms are not completely resolved and further research incorporating measurements of cortical gait control might be promising.

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Effects of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability and automaticity of walking

Publication date: Available online 27 August 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): Daniel Hamacher, Dennis Hamacher, Michèle Hohnbaum, Karsten Gerth, Lutz Schega, Astrid Zech

Abstract

Background

While the effects of diseases, performance of proprioceptors, anxiety or pain on gait stability or automaticity of walking are well-explored, physical fatigue might be another relevant factor whose consequences are not sufficiently investigated, yet.

Research question

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of physical exhaustion on local dynamic stability (LDS) and automaticity of gait.

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial, 30 young and healthy adults were randomly assigned to either a passive control group or a fatigue group. The participants assigned to the fatigue group passed a shuttle-run test which finished at maximal exhaustion while those of the control group rested in sitting position for 15 minutes. Immediately before and after the intervention, local dynamic gait stability as well as the cognitive (serial seven subtractions) and motor dual-task costs, as a measure of automaticity, were registered.

Results

While there was no effect of fatigue on LDS during single-task walking, we observed an interaction effect for LDS in the dual-task condition (p = .034) and for the motor dual-task costs (p = .031). Lower dual-task costs were found in the fatigued group in the post-test compared to the pre-test while the control group increased their costs at the same time.

Significance

In conclusion, gait automaticity might increase after total exhaustion in young adults. Still, the underlying mechanisms are not completely resolved and further research incorporating measurements of cortical gait control might be promising.

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Phonak Virto B-Titanium Wins International Awards for 2018’s Best New Product

Phonak Virto B-Titanium won of two renowned international awards: the 2018 Red Dot Award for Product Design, and a Gold Stevie® Award for Best New Product or Service of the Year in the health and pharmaceutical industry. , the tiny hearing device is made by Phonak, the world's leading provider of hearing aids.

Virto B-Titanium devices are custom 3D-printed and almost invisible when worn. Wearers get the benefits of a medical-grade titanium hearing aid. The device is powered by Phonak's latest technology featuring AutoSense OS™ that gives wearers a fully-automatic and seamless hearing experience in different hearing situations.

One of these wearers is William Goode, Senior Advancement Officer for Athletics at Ferris State University in Michigan. Will had dealt with hearing loss in one ear for most of his life, yet never sought treatment. As a first-time hearing aid wearer, Will wanted something ultra-discreet yet durable enough to keep up with his active lifestyle.

"My new titanium hearing aid has been a blessing," said Goode. "At work I'm able to pick up on key conversations and information that allows me to develop, incorporate, and execute plans. Before, it was difficult to hear ideas, take suggestions, and process information quickly. Outside of work in restaurants the Virto B-Titanium has helped me focus on the people at the table and not background noise. It has changed the way I go about everyday life, giving me confidence at work, outside of work, and at home."

The Virto B-Titanium is the smallest and most discreet custom hearing aid Phonak has ever produced. Compared to traditional acrylic, titanium shells are half as thin yet 15 times stronger. Thinner shells result in smaller devices. This means the hearing aid can be placed even deeper in the canal, resulting in a more discreet fit that delivers natural sound quality. Virto B-Titanium has also received an IP68 rating for resistance to both water and dust.

"Phonak is extremely proud of the amount of success and praise Virto B-Titanium has received, most recently with these two prestigious product awards," said Thomas Lang, Senior Vice President of Phonak. But there's an even greater sense of pride when we hear the many stories about what the hearing aid is doing for people. And that can be summed up in three words: "it changes lives."

Virto B-Titanium will be honored at the International Business Awards gala on October 20, 2018 in London. It previously took honors for product excellence along with two other Phonak products at the Red Dot Awards gala on July 9 in Essen, Germany. The other two international Red Dot Awards winners included Phonak Audéo B-Direct, a revolutionary hearing aid using Bluetooth.​

Published: 8/27/2018 2:16:00 PM

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New Hotline Launched for Parents & Caregivers of Children with Hearing Loss

​As part of its Cradle to Career initiative, the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell) launched Listen-Learn-Link, its international new parent hotline for parents, caregivers and guardians of children with hearing loss. The hotline is the first-ever confidential, bilingual (English/Spanish) hotline for parents, caregivers and guardians of newly identified children with hearing loss worldwide who possess any degree of unilateral or bilateral hearing loss. The hotline connects parents via telephone, email and video conference to the organization's Early Intervention Parent Consultant eager to answer parents' questions, provide hearing loss resources, information, support and next steps related to early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) and communication options for those with hearing loss.

"Having access to another parent who has traveled a similar road can be a lifesaver for new parents of a child with hearing loss. AG Bell is launching its new hotline so new parents, caregivers and guardians can have easy access to a parent who has had similar experiences and who also understands the systems and services that they will soon access for their own child and family," said Gayla Guignard, AG Bell's Chief Strategy Officer, who is also an audiologist, speech-language pathologist, and certified Listening and Spoken Language Specialist through AG Bell's Academy.  

Early identification and intervention is extremely important for an infant with hearing loss to achieve listening and spoken language skills. The human brain is programmed to learn language during the first six years of life – with the first three-and-a-half years being the most critical. Without intervention, it becomes increasingly difficult to acquire language and literacy as a child grows older.

 Parents, caregivers and guardians who call the hotline will speak to Julie ­­­­Swaim, AG Bell's early intervention parent consultant. As a parent whose child has hearing loss and a seven-year veteran in the EHDI field, Ms. Swaim is fully aware of the challenges associated with hearing loss in children as well as next steps needed to ensure they receive proper diagnosis and treatment. She will connect them with other resources related to hearing loss. She also has access to qualified hearing and speech professionals whom she can contact for important medical information.  

Published: 8/27/2018 2:01:00 PM

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