Δευτέρα 29 Αυγούστου 2022

Antiviral activities of Polygonum Perfoliatum L. extract and related phenolic acid constituents against hepatitis B virus

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Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important public health problem. Polygonum perfoliatum L. is a traditional medicinal herb and has been reported having pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral. In this study, the antiviral activities and mechanisms of Polygonum perfoliatum L. extract against HBV and the effective components were investigated. The results showed that, the total extract of Polygonum perfoliatum L. reduced the levels of HBV e antigen (HBeAg) secretion and the viral covalently closed circular DNA (CCC DNA) formation, but had little or no negative effects on viral capsid assembly and pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) packaging. Further fractionation showed that the water extract fraction exerted comparable anti-HBV activities with the total extract, especially in inhibiting the CCC DNA formation and HBeAg production, indicating that the effective antiviral components are mainly dis tributed in this fraction. Further study showed that the phenolic acids constituents, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, but not ethyl caffeate, which are reported enriched in the water extract fraction, showed strong anti-HBV activities in inhibiting viral core DNA synthesis, CCC DNA formation and HBeAg production. These results suggested that the Polygonum perfoliatum L. total extract and the related phenolic acids like protocatechuic acid and gallic acid could inhibit HBV replication and also indicated the potential utility of Polygonum perfoliatum L. and related constituents as sources of novel antivirals against HBV.

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Infants Receiving Very Early ART Have High CD4 Counts in the First Year of Life

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ABSTRACT
We followed 54 infants with in utero HIV after initiating very early antiretroviral treatment. At Weeks 24 and 48, ≥80% had CD4 ≥ 1500 cells/mm3 and CD4% ≥25%. Routine Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in the first year of life may not be necessary for all very early treated infants.
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The emergence, spread and vanishing of a French SARS‐CoV‐2 variant exemplifies the fate of RNA virus epidemics and obeys the Mistigri rule

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Abstract

The nature and dynamics of mutations associated with the emergence, spread and vanishing of SARS-CoV-2 variants causing successive waves are complex. We determined the kinetics of the most common French variant ("Marseille-4") for 10 months since its onset in July 2020. Here, we analysed and classified into subvariants and lineages 7,453 genomes obtained by next-generation sequencing. We identified two subvariants, Marseille-4A, which contains 22 different lineages of at least 50 genomes, and Marseille-4B. Their average lifetime was 4.1±1.4 months, during which 4.1±2.6 mutations accumulated. Growth rate was 0.079±0.045, varying from 0.010 to 0.173. Most of the lineages exhibited a bell-shaped distribution. Several beneficial mutations at unpredicted sites initiated a new outbreak, while the accumulation of other mutations resulted in more viral heterogenicity, increased diversity and vanishing of the lineages. Marseille-4B emerged when the other Marse ille-4 lineages vanished. Its ORF8 gene was knocked out by a stop codon, as reported in SARS-CoV-2 of mink and in the Alpha variant. This subvariant was associated with increased hospitalization and death rates, suggesting that ORF8 is a nonvirulence gene. We speculate that the observed heterogenicity of a lineage may predict the end of the outbreak.

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Radiological anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and anterior skull base amongst different populations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Abstract

Objectives

To determine the anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and anterior skull base amongst populations in different geographical regions.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Using PRISMA guidelines, SCOPUS and PUBMED databases were searched from inception until 1st March 2022. The regions and populations identified were from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Australia-New Zealand-Oceania, South America, North America and Africa. Random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic and Cochran's Q test.

Main outcome measures

Anatomical variations of the lateral nasal wall and anterior skull base confirmed by computed tomography scan.

Results

56 articles were included with a total of 11805 persons. The most common anatomical variation of the ostiomeatal complex was pneumatization of the agger nasi (84.1%), olfactory fossa was Keros type 2 (53.8%) and ethmoids was asymmetry of the roof (42.8%). Sphenoethmoidal and suprabullar cells have a higher prevalence in North Americans (53.7%, 95% CI: 46.00-61.33) while asymmetry of ethmoid roof more common in Middle Easterns (85.5%, 95% CI: 0.00-100). Bent uncinate process has greater prevalence in Asians while supraorbital ethmoid cells and Keros type 3 more common in non-Asians. The overall studies have substantial heterogeneity and publication bias.

Conclusions

Certain anatomic variants are more common in a specific population. The 'approach of analysis' plays a role in the prevalence estimates and consensus should be made in future studies regarding the most appropriate 'approach of analysis' either by persons or by sides.
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