Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.
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Τετάρτη 20 Ιανουαρίου 2016
The effect of a dual task on gait speed in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.
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The effect of a dual task on gait speed in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.
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The Sustained-Exposure Dexamethasone Formulation OTO-104 Offers Effective Protection against Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss
The otoprotective effects of OTO-104 were investigated following both acute and chronic administration of cisplatin. The acute administration of cisplatin to guinea pigs resulted in profound hearing loss (70-80 dB SPL) across all frequencies tested. A single intratympanic injection of 6% OTO-104, but not of lower doses, almost completely protected against cisplatin ototoxicity. In contrast, a dexamethasone solution administered under the same experimental conditions offered no otoprotection. OTO-104 was also very effective in protecting against the progressive hearing loss observed with the chronic administration of cisplatin (3 injections at a weekly interval). The otoprotection was found to be dependent upon the activation of dexamethasone-dependent classical nuclear receptor pathways.
Audiol Neurotol 2016;21:22-29
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Audiol Neurotol 2016;21:22-29
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Correction of erratum: Erratum: Long-term noise exposure and the risk for type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Noise and Health 2016 18(80):50-50
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Imaging cochlear implantation with round window insertion in human temporal bones and cochlear morphological variation using high-resolution cone beam CT.
| Related Articles |
Imaging cochlear implantation with round window insertion in human temporal bones and cochlear morphological variation using high-resolution cone beam CT.
Acta Otolaryngol. 2015 May;135(5):466-72
Authors: Zou J, Lähelmä J, Koivisto J, Dhanasingh A, Jolly C, Aarnisalo A, Wolff J, Pyykkö I
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS: The present experimental set-up of high spatial resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed advantages of demonstrating the critical landmarks of the cochlea in identifying the position of intracochlear electrode contacts and has the potential for clinical application in cochlear implant (CI) surgery.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a newly developed CBCT system in defining CI electrode array in human temporal bone and cochlear morphological variation.
METHODS: Standard electrode, flexible tip electrode (Flex28), and an experimental electrode array with 36 contacts from MED-EL were implanted into the cochleae of six human temporal bones through an atraumatic round window membrane insertion. The cochleae were imaged with 900 frames using an experimental set-up based on a CBCT scanner installed with Superior SXR 130-15-0.5 X-ray tube in combination with filtration of copper and aluminum.
RESULTS: In all temporal bones, the landmarks of the cochlea, modiolus, osseous spiral lamina, round window niche, and stapes were demonstrated at an average level of 3.4-4.5. The contacts of electrode arrays were clearly shown to locate in the scala tympani. There was a linear correlation between the 'A' value and cochlea height, and between the A value and actual electrode insertion length for the first 360° insertion depth.
PMID: 25675836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Imaging cochlear implantation with round window insertion in human temporal bones and cochlear morphological variation using high-resolution cone beam CT.
| Related Articles |
Imaging cochlear implantation with round window insertion in human temporal bones and cochlear morphological variation using high-resolution cone beam CT.
Acta Otolaryngol. 2015 May;135(5):466-72
Authors: Zou J, Lähelmä J, Koivisto J, Dhanasingh A, Jolly C, Aarnisalo A, Wolff J, Pyykkö I
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS: The present experimental set-up of high spatial resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed advantages of demonstrating the critical landmarks of the cochlea in identifying the position of intracochlear electrode contacts and has the potential for clinical application in cochlear implant (CI) surgery.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a newly developed CBCT system in defining CI electrode array in human temporal bone and cochlear morphological variation.
METHODS: Standard electrode, flexible tip electrode (Flex28), and an experimental electrode array with 36 contacts from MED-EL were implanted into the cochleae of six human temporal bones through an atraumatic round window membrane insertion. The cochleae were imaged with 900 frames using an experimental set-up based on a CBCT scanner installed with Superior SXR 130-15-0.5 X-ray tube in combination with filtration of copper and aluminum.
RESULTS: In all temporal bones, the landmarks of the cochlea, modiolus, osseous spiral lamina, round window niche, and stapes were demonstrated at an average level of 3.4-4.5. The contacts of electrode arrays were clearly shown to locate in the scala tympani. There was a linear correlation between the 'A' value and cochlea height, and between the A value and actual electrode insertion length for the first 360° insertion depth.
PMID: 25675836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review)
Publication date: Available online 20 January 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review)
Publication date: Available online 20 January 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review)
Publication date: Available online 20 January 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review)
Publication date: Available online 20 January 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Pathophysiology of the cochlear intrastrial fluid-blood barrier (review)
Publication date: Available online 20 January 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiaorui Shi
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the stria vascularis is a highly specialized capillary network that controls exchanges between blood and the intrastitial space in the cochlea. The barrier shields the inner ear from blood-born toxic substances and selectively passes ions, fluids, and nutrients to the cochlea, playing an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear homeostasis. Anatomically, the BLB is comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) in the strial microvasculature, elaborated tight and adherens junctions, pericytes (PCs), basement membrane (BM), and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms), which together form a complex “cochlear-vascular unit” in the stria vascularis. Physical interactions between the ECs, PCs, and PVM/Ms, as well as signaling between the cells, is critical for controlling vascular permeability and providing a proper environment for hearing function. Breakdown of normal interactions between components of the BLB is seen in a wide range of pathological conditions, including genetic defects and conditions engendered by inflammation, loud sound trauma, and ageing. In this review, we will discuss prevailing views of the structure and function of the strial cochlear-vascular unit (also referred to as the “intrastrial fluid-blood barrier”). We will also discuss the disrupted homeostasis seen in a variety of hearing disorders. Therapeutic targeting of the strial barrier may offer opportunities for improvement of hearing health and amelioration of auditory disorders.
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Genetic counseling for patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment directed by gene analysis.
Genetic counseling for patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment directed by gene analysis.
Mol Med Rep. 2016 Jan 13;
Authors: Ma D, Zhang J, Luo C, Lin Y, Ji X, Hu P, Xu Z
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic etiology of patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment through gene analysis, and provide accurate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for deaf patients and families with deaf children. Previous molecular etiological studies have demonstrated that the most common molecular changes in Chinese patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) involved gap junction protein β 2, solute carrier family 26, member 4 (SLC26A4), and mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA. A total of 117 unrelated NSHL patients were included. Mutation screening was performed by Sanger sequencing in GJB2, 12S rRNA, and the hot‑spot regions of SLC26A4. In addition, patients with a single mutation of SLC26A4 in the hot‑spot regions underwent complete exon sequencing to identify a mutation in the other allele. A total of 36 of the 117 deaf patients were confirmed to have two pathogenic mutations, which included 4 deaf couples, husband or wife in 11 deaf couples and 17 deaf individuals. In addition, prenatal diagnoses was performed in 7 pregnant women at 18‑21 weeks gestation who had previously given birth to a deaf child, and the results showed that two fetal genotypes were the same as the proband's genotypes, four fetuses carried one pathogenic gene from their parents, and one fetus was identified to have no mutations. Taken together, the genetic testing of deaf patients can provide reasonable guidance to deaf patients and families with deaf children.
PMID: 26783197 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and speeds using an instrumented treadmill system
Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
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Reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and speeds using an instrumented treadmill system
Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/23e0djE
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/23e0djE
via IFTTT
Reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and speeds using an instrumented treadmill system
Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/23e0djE
via IFTTT
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julia F. Item-Glatthorn, Nicola C. Casartelli, Nicola A. Maffiuletti
Instrumented treadmill systems allow the practical assessment of gait parameters under several walking conditions. Aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of gait parameters at different surface inclinations and walking speeds using an instrumented treadmill system in healthy individuals. A total of 20 subjects (10 women) with a mean age of 31 years were evaluated with an instrumented treadmill system (FDM-T, Zebris Medical GmbH) during two identical test sessions. Spatial (step length, step width, foot rotation), temporal (cadence, single-limb support, step time) and ground reaction force (heel force, toe force, time to heel force, time to toe force) gait parameters were assessed at three treadmill inclinations (level, uphill, downhill) and five speeds (2, 3, 4, 5, 6km/h). Between-day reproducibility was evaluated with smallest detectable changes for agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability. Low agreement and reliability were observed for (i) step length, cadence and step time during slow (2 and 3km/h) and uphill walking and (ii) time to heel force and time to toe force under the majority of walking conditions. The instrumented treadmill system used in this study provided reproducible measurements for the majority of the evaluated spatial, temporal and ground reaction force gait parameters in healthy individuals. The assessment of time to heel/toe force should be however avoided, and particular care should be taken for some spatial (step length) and temporal (cadence and step time) parameters while walking uphill and/or at slow speeds.
from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/23e0djE
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