Changes After Voice Therapy in Acoustic Voice Analysis of Chinese Patients With Voice Disorders

Publication date: Available online 9 June 2017
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Dan Lu, Fei Chen, Hui Yang, Rong Yu, Qi Zhou, Xinyuan Zhang, Jia Ren, Yitao Zheng, Xiaoyan Zhang, Jian Zou, Haiyang Wang, Jun Liu
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of voice therapy on patients with voice disorders by comparing the acoustic parameter changes before and after treatment.Study DesignThis is a retrospective study.MethodsForty-five female patients with early-stage vocal nodules or polyps, postoperative patients, and patients with chronic laryngitis were divided into three subgroups. Videostroboscopic, acoustic analysis (fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, mean harmonics-to-noise ratio), and maximum phonation time (MPT) were measured before and after treatment. Fifty healthy female volunteers were the control group.ResultsAfter treatment, 24.4% of nodules or polyps had decreased in size, 11.1% of patients with chronic laryngitis and postoperative patients had reduced edema, and the mucosal wave of vocal folds had different degrees of recovery in postoperative patients. All acoustic analysis values and MPT in the patient group were statistically worse than in the control group, except for fundamental frequency before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, the acoustic analysis and MPT values were improved. However, the jitter, mean harmonics-to-noise ratio, and MPT values in the patient group were still worse after voice therapy than in the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMost of acoustic analysis values can be useful as a complementary tool in diagnosis and assessment of voice disorders; however, it is not recommended to use a single parameter to assess voice quality. Voice therapy can improve voice quality in patients with voice disorders, but a period longer than 8 weeks is recommended for these patients.



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Salicylate-induced frequency-map reorganization in four subfields of the mouse auditory cortex

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yasutaka Yanagawa, Kengo Takasu, Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.



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Altered attentional filters in subjects with graded levels of sensorineural hearing loss

Publication date: Available online 6 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Christofer W. Bester, Donald Robertson, Dunay Taljaard, Geoff Hammond
Near-threshold tones (targets) in noise that are preceded by cues of the same frequency or occur with a high probability are detected better than tones of other frequencies that may occur with a lower probability (probes); the better detection of targets than probes defines the attentional filter. We measured attentional filters using a cued probe-signal procedure with a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) method in normal-hearing subjects (N = 15) and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; N = 14) with a range of hearing levels. Attentional filters were altered in SNHL subjects, who detected low-frequency probes as well as targets at all hearing levels and who detected high-frequency probes increasingly well with increasing hearing level. These effects were present in both intervals of the 2IFC procedure. As auditory filters measured psychophysically are typically asymmetric in subjects with SNHL, these results suggest that the signal frequencies affected by the attentional filter are governed by the shapes of the auditory filters at and around the cue frequency. The normal-hearing subjects showed the expected attentional filters in the first interval and shallower filters in the second interval, suggesting that the cue-evoked attentional process is transient. In the first interval, both low- and high-frequency probes were detected better as hearing level increased over a narrow range (from −5 to 10 dB at the target frequency), with a resultant loss of attentional filtering. This finding adds to observations of variable auditory function in individuals with clinically normal hearing thresholds established by audiometry.



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Salicylate-induced frequency-map reorganization in four subfields of the mouse auditory cortex

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yasutaka Yanagawa, Kengo Takasu, Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.



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Altered attentional filters in subjects with graded levels of sensorineural hearing loss

Publication date: Available online 6 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Christofer W. Bester, Donald Robertson, Dunay Taljaard, Geoff Hammond
Near-threshold tones (targets) in noise that are preceded by cues of the same frequency or occur with a high probability are detected better than tones of other frequencies that may occur with a lower probability (probes); the better detection of targets than probes defines the attentional filter. We measured attentional filters using a cued probe-signal procedure with a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) method in normal-hearing subjects (N = 15) and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; N = 14) with a range of hearing levels. Attentional filters were altered in SNHL subjects, who detected low-frequency probes as well as targets at all hearing levels and who detected high-frequency probes increasingly well with increasing hearing level. These effects were present in both intervals of the 2IFC procedure. As auditory filters measured psychophysically are typically asymmetric in subjects with SNHL, these results suggest that the signal frequencies affected by the attentional filter are governed by the shapes of the auditory filters at and around the cue frequency. The normal-hearing subjects showed the expected attentional filters in the first interval and shallower filters in the second interval, suggesting that the cue-evoked attentional process is transient. In the first interval, both low- and high-frequency probes were detected better as hearing level increased over a narrow range (from −5 to 10 dB at the target frequency), with a resultant loss of attentional filtering. This finding adds to observations of variable auditory function in individuals with clinically normal hearing thresholds established by audiometry.



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Salicylate-induced frequency-map reorganization in four subfields of the mouse auditory cortex

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yasutaka Yanagawa, Kengo Takasu, Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.



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Altered attentional filters in subjects with graded levels of sensorineural hearing loss

Publication date: Available online 6 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Christofer W. Bester, Donald Robertson, Dunay Taljaard, Geoff Hammond
Near-threshold tones (targets) in noise that are preceded by cues of the same frequency or occur with a high probability are detected better than tones of other frequencies that may occur with a lower probability (probes); the better detection of targets than probes defines the attentional filter. We measured attentional filters using a cued probe-signal procedure with a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) method in normal-hearing subjects (N = 15) and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; N = 14) with a range of hearing levels. Attentional filters were altered in SNHL subjects, who detected low-frequency probes as well as targets at all hearing levels and who detected high-frequency probes increasingly well with increasing hearing level. These effects were present in both intervals of the 2IFC procedure. As auditory filters measured psychophysically are typically asymmetric in subjects with SNHL, these results suggest that the signal frequencies affected by the attentional filter are governed by the shapes of the auditory filters at and around the cue frequency. The normal-hearing subjects showed the expected attentional filters in the first interval and shallower filters in the second interval, suggesting that the cue-evoked attentional process is transient. In the first interval, both low- and high-frequency probes were detected better as hearing level increased over a narrow range (from −5 to 10 dB at the target frequency), with a resultant loss of attentional filtering. This finding adds to observations of variable auditory function in individuals with clinically normal hearing thresholds established by audiometry.



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Salicylate-induced frequency-map reorganization in four subfields of the mouse auditory cortex

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yasutaka Yanagawa, Kengo Takasu, Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.



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Altered attentional filters in subjects with graded levels of sensorineural hearing loss

Publication date: Available online 6 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Christofer W. Bester, Donald Robertson, Dunay Taljaard, Geoff Hammond
Near-threshold tones (targets) in noise that are preceded by cues of the same frequency or occur with a high probability are detected better than tones of other frequencies that may occur with a lower probability (probes); the better detection of targets than probes defines the attentional filter. We measured attentional filters using a cued probe-signal procedure with a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) method in normal-hearing subjects (N = 15) and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; N = 14) with a range of hearing levels. Attentional filters were altered in SNHL subjects, who detected low-frequency probes as well as targets at all hearing levels and who detected high-frequency probes increasingly well with increasing hearing level. These effects were present in both intervals of the 2IFC procedure. As auditory filters measured psychophysically are typically asymmetric in subjects with SNHL, these results suggest that the signal frequencies affected by the attentional filter are governed by the shapes of the auditory filters at and around the cue frequency. The normal-hearing subjects showed the expected attentional filters in the first interval and shallower filters in the second interval, suggesting that the cue-evoked attentional process is transient. In the first interval, both low- and high-frequency probes were detected better as hearing level increased over a narrow range (from −5 to 10 dB at the target frequency), with a resultant loss of attentional filtering. This finding adds to observations of variable auditory function in individuals with clinically normal hearing thresholds established by audiometry.



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Salicylate-induced frequency-map reorganization in four subfields of the mouse auditory cortex

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yasutaka Yanagawa, Kengo Takasu, Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Salicylate is the active ingredient in aspirin, and in high-doses it is used as an experimental tool to induce transient hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. These salicylate-induced perceptual disturbances are associated with tonotopic-map reorganization and neural activity modulation, and such neural correlates have been examined in the central auditory pathway, including the auditory cortex (AC). Although previous studies have reported that salicylate induces increases in noise-burst-evoked neural responses and reorganization of tonotopic maps in the primary AC, little is known about the effects of salicylate on other frequency-organized AC subfields such as the anterior auditory, secondary auditory, and dorsomedial fields. Therefore, to examine salicylate-induced spatiotemporal effects on AC subfields, we measured sound-evoked neural activity in mice before and after the administration of sodium salicylate (SS, 200 mg/kg), using flavoprotein auto-fluorescence imaging. SS-treatment gradually reduced responses driven by tone-bursts with lower (≤8 kHz) and higher (≥25 kHz) frequencies over 3 h, whereas evoked responses to tone-bursts within middle-range frequencies (e.g., 12 and 16 kHz) were sustained and unchanged in the four subfields. Additionally, in each of the four subfields, SS-treatment induced similar reorganization of tonotopic maps, and the response areas selectively driven by the middle-range frequencies were profoundly expanded. Our results indicate that the SS-induced tonotopic map reorganizations in each of the four AC subfields were similar, and only the extent of the activated areas responsive to tone-bursts with specific frequencies was subfield-dependent. Thus, we expect that examining cortical reorganization induced by SS may open the possibility of new treatments aimed at altering cortical reorganization into the normative functional organization.



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Altered attentional filters in subjects with graded levels of sensorineural hearing loss

Publication date: Available online 6 June 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Christofer W. Bester, Donald Robertson, Dunay Taljaard, Geoff Hammond
Near-threshold tones (targets) in noise that are preceded by cues of the same frequency or occur with a high probability are detected better than tones of other frequencies that may occur with a lower probability (probes); the better detection of targets than probes defines the attentional filter. We measured attentional filters using a cued probe-signal procedure with a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) method in normal-hearing subjects (N = 15) and subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; N = 14) with a range of hearing levels. Attentional filters were altered in SNHL subjects, who detected low-frequency probes as well as targets at all hearing levels and who detected high-frequency probes increasingly well with increasing hearing level. These effects were present in both intervals of the 2IFC procedure. As auditory filters measured psychophysically are typically asymmetric in subjects with SNHL, these results suggest that the signal frequencies affected by the attentional filter are governed by the shapes of the auditory filters at and around the cue frequency. The normal-hearing subjects showed the expected attentional filters in the first interval and shallower filters in the second interval, suggesting that the cue-evoked attentional process is transient. In the first interval, both low- and high-frequency probes were detected better as hearing level increased over a narrow range (from −5 to 10 dB at the target frequency), with a resultant loss of attentional filtering. This finding adds to observations of variable auditory function in individuals with clinically normal hearing thresholds established by audiometry.



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Identification of Key Outcome Measures When Using the Instrumented Timed Up and Go and/or Posturography for Fall Screening

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Renee Beach Sample, Allison L. Kinney, Kurt Jackson, Wiebke Diestelkamp, Kimberly Edginton Bigelow
The Timed Up and Go (TUG) has been commonly used for fall risk assessment. The instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) adds wearable sensors to capture sub-movements and may be more sensitive. Posturography assessments have also been used for determining fall risk. This study used stepwise logistic regression models to identify key outcome measures for the iTUG and posturography protocols. The effectiveness of the models containing these measures in differentiating fallers from non-fallers were then compared for each: iTUG total time duration only, iTUG, posturography, and combined iTUG and posturography assessments. One hundred and fifty older adults participated in this study. The iTUG measures were calculated utilizing APDM Inc.’s Mobility Lab software. Traditional and non-linear posturography measures were calculated from center of pressure during quiet-standing. The key outcome measures incorporated in the iTUG assessment model (sit-to-stand lean angle and height) resulted in a model sensitivity of 48.1% and max re-scaled R² value of 0.19. This was a higher sensitivity, indicating better differentiation, compared to the model only including total time duration (outcome of the traditional TUG), which had a sensitivity of 18.2%. When the key outcome measures of the iTUG and the posturography assessments were combined into a single model, the sensitivity was approximately the same as the iTUG model alone. Overall the findings of this study support that the iTUG demonstrates greater sensitivity than the total time duration, but that carrying out both iTUG and posturography does not greatly improve sensitivity when used as a fall risk screening tool.



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ROLE OF IMPAIRED VISION DURING DUAL-TASK WALKING IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): V. Krishnan, Y. Cho, O. Mohamed
While cognitive-motor interference in dual-task activities is well established, it is still unknown how such interference is influenced by concurrent visual challenges. Nineteen community-dwelling healthy, cognitively intact, older adults (Mean±SD=71.45±1.25years, 6 males) and nineteen young adults (Mean±SD=22.25±0.68years, 4 males) performed a cognitive-single-task (serial subtraction by 3), a walking-single-task and a cognitive-walking-dual-task under normal, blurred and peripheral-vision-loss conditions (artificially imposed using goggles). Gait parameters and the number of correct responses were measured. Dual task costs for both walking and cognition were computed. Results showed that higher walking cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.05) and with older adults (p=.03); greater cognitive cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.01), but no difference in cognitive cost was seen between young and older adults. Thus, when faced with impaired vision, both young and older adults appear to allocate less attention to cognition than to walking, and thus prioritize walking. Future work should explore whether dual-task training under visual challenge could reduce cognitive-motor interference and reduce fall risks in older adults.



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Gait dynamics in Pisa syndrome and Camptocormia: The role of stride length and hip kinematics

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): C. Tramonti, S. Di Martino, E. Unti, D. Frosini, U. Bonuccelli, B. Rossi, R. Ceravolo, C. Chisari
This is an observational cross-sectional study evaluating gait dynamics in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and severe postural deformities, PD without axial deviations and healthy subjects. Ten PS individuals with Pisa syndrome (PS) and nine subjects with Camptocormia (CC) performed 3-D Gait Analysis and were evaluated with walking and balance scales. Correlations with clinical and functional scales were investigated. Spatio-temporal and kinematic data were compared to ten PD subjects without postural deformities (PP) and ten healthy matched individuals (CG). Data obtained showed decreased walking velocity, stride and step length in PP, PS and CC groups compared to controls. The correlation analysis showed that stride and step length were associated with reduced functional abilities and disease severity in PS and CC groups. Kinematic data revealed marked reduction in range of movements (ROMs) at all lower-extremity joints in PS group. While, in CC group the main differences were pronounced in hip and knee joints. PS and CC groups presented a more pronounced reduction in hip articular excursion compared to PP subjects, revealing an increased hip flexion pattern during gait cycle. Moreover, the increased hip and knee flexion pattern adversely affected functional performance during walking tests. Results obtained provide evidence that step length, along with stride length, can be proposed as simple and clear indicators of disease severity and reduced functional abilities. The reduction of ROMs at hip joint represented an important mechanism contributing to decreased walking velocity, balance impairment and reduced gait performance in PD patients with postural deformities.



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Identification of Key Outcome Measures When Using the Instrumented Timed Up and Go and/or Posturography for Fall Screening

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Renee Beach Sample, Allison L. Kinney, Kurt Jackson, Wiebke Diestelkamp, Kimberly Edginton Bigelow
The Timed Up and Go (TUG) has been commonly used for fall risk assessment. The instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) adds wearable sensors to capture sub-movements and may be more sensitive. Posturography assessments have also been used for determining fall risk. This study used stepwise logistic regression models to identify key outcome measures for the iTUG and posturography protocols. The effectiveness of the models containing these measures in differentiating fallers from non-fallers were then compared for each: iTUG total time duration only, iTUG, posturography, and combined iTUG and posturography assessments. One hundred and fifty older adults participated in this study. The iTUG measures were calculated utilizing APDM Inc.’s Mobility Lab software. Traditional and non-linear posturography measures were calculated from center of pressure during quiet-standing. The key outcome measures incorporated in the iTUG assessment model (sit-to-stand lean angle and height) resulted in a model sensitivity of 48.1% and max re-scaled R² value of 0.19. This was a higher sensitivity, indicating better differentiation, compared to the model only including total time duration (outcome of the traditional TUG), which had a sensitivity of 18.2%. When the key outcome measures of the iTUG and the posturography assessments were combined into a single model, the sensitivity was approximately the same as the iTUG model alone. Overall the findings of this study support that the iTUG demonstrates greater sensitivity than the total time duration, but that carrying out both iTUG and posturography does not greatly improve sensitivity when used as a fall risk screening tool.



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ROLE OF IMPAIRED VISION DURING DUAL-TASK WALKING IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): V. Krishnan, Y. Cho, O. Mohamed
While cognitive-motor interference in dual-task activities is well established, it is still unknown how such interference is influenced by concurrent visual challenges. Nineteen community-dwelling healthy, cognitively intact, older adults (Mean±SD=71.45±1.25years, 6 males) and nineteen young adults (Mean±SD=22.25±0.68years, 4 males) performed a cognitive-single-task (serial subtraction by 3), a walking-single-task and a cognitive-walking-dual-task under normal, blurred and peripheral-vision-loss conditions (artificially imposed using goggles). Gait parameters and the number of correct responses were measured. Dual task costs for both walking and cognition were computed. Results showed that higher walking cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.05) and with older adults (p=.03); greater cognitive cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.01), but no difference in cognitive cost was seen between young and older adults. Thus, when faced with impaired vision, both young and older adults appear to allocate less attention to cognition than to walking, and thus prioritize walking. Future work should explore whether dual-task training under visual challenge could reduce cognitive-motor interference and reduce fall risks in older adults.



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Gait dynamics in Pisa syndrome and Camptocormia: The role of stride length and hip kinematics

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): C. Tramonti, S. Di Martino, E. Unti, D. Frosini, U. Bonuccelli, B. Rossi, R. Ceravolo, C. Chisari
This is an observational cross-sectional study evaluating gait dynamics in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and severe postural deformities, PD without axial deviations and healthy subjects. Ten PS individuals with Pisa syndrome (PS) and nine subjects with Camptocormia (CC) performed 3-D Gait Analysis and were evaluated with walking and balance scales. Correlations with clinical and functional scales were investigated. Spatio-temporal and kinematic data were compared to ten PD subjects without postural deformities (PP) and ten healthy matched individuals (CG). Data obtained showed decreased walking velocity, stride and step length in PP, PS and CC groups compared to controls. The correlation analysis showed that stride and step length were associated with reduced functional abilities and disease severity in PS and CC groups. Kinematic data revealed marked reduction in range of movements (ROMs) at all lower-extremity joints in PS group. While, in CC group the main differences were pronounced in hip and knee joints. PS and CC groups presented a more pronounced reduction in hip articular excursion compared to PP subjects, revealing an increased hip flexion pattern during gait cycle. Moreover, the increased hip and knee flexion pattern adversely affected functional performance during walking tests. Results obtained provide evidence that step length, along with stride length, can be proposed as simple and clear indicators of disease severity and reduced functional abilities. The reduction of ROMs at hip joint represented an important mechanism contributing to decreased walking velocity, balance impairment and reduced gait performance in PD patients with postural deformities.



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Identification of Key Outcome Measures When Using the Instrumented Timed Up and Go and/or Posturography for Fall Screening

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Renee Beach Sample, Allison L. Kinney, Kurt Jackson, Wiebke Diestelkamp, Kimberly Edginton Bigelow
The Timed Up and Go (TUG) has been commonly used for fall risk assessment. The instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) adds wearable sensors to capture sub-movements and may be more sensitive. Posturography assessments have also been used for determining fall risk. This study used stepwise logistic regression models to identify key outcome measures for the iTUG and posturography protocols. The effectiveness of the models containing these measures in differentiating fallers from non-fallers were then compared for each: iTUG total time duration only, iTUG, posturography, and combined iTUG and posturography assessments. One hundred and fifty older adults participated in this study. The iTUG measures were calculated utilizing APDM Inc.’s Mobility Lab software. Traditional and non-linear posturography measures were calculated from center of pressure during quiet-standing. The key outcome measures incorporated in the iTUG assessment model (sit-to-stand lean angle and height) resulted in a model sensitivity of 48.1% and max re-scaled R² value of 0.19. This was a higher sensitivity, indicating better differentiation, compared to the model only including total time duration (outcome of the traditional TUG), which had a sensitivity of 18.2%. When the key outcome measures of the iTUG and the posturography assessments were combined into a single model, the sensitivity was approximately the same as the iTUG model alone. Overall the findings of this study support that the iTUG demonstrates greater sensitivity than the total time duration, but that carrying out both iTUG and posturography does not greatly improve sensitivity when used as a fall risk screening tool.



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ROLE OF IMPAIRED VISION DURING DUAL-TASK WALKING IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): V. Krishnan, Y. Cho, O. Mohamed
While cognitive-motor interference in dual-task activities is well established, it is still unknown how such interference is influenced by concurrent visual challenges. Nineteen community-dwelling healthy, cognitively intact, older adults (Mean±SD=71.45±1.25years, 6 males) and nineteen young adults (Mean±SD=22.25±0.68years, 4 males) performed a cognitive-single-task (serial subtraction by 3), a walking-single-task and a cognitive-walking-dual-task under normal, blurred and peripheral-vision-loss conditions (artificially imposed using goggles). Gait parameters and the number of correct responses were measured. Dual task costs for both walking and cognition were computed. Results showed that higher walking cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.05) and with older adults (p=.03); greater cognitive cost was seen with impaired vision (p=.01), but no difference in cognitive cost was seen between young and older adults. Thus, when faced with impaired vision, both young and older adults appear to allocate less attention to cognition than to walking, and thus prioritize walking. Future work should explore whether dual-task training under visual challenge could reduce cognitive-motor interference and reduce fall risks in older adults.



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Gait dynamics in Pisa syndrome and Camptocormia: The role of stride length and hip kinematics

Publication date: Available online 10 June 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): C. Tramonti, S. Di Martino, E. Unti, D. Frosini, U. Bonuccelli, B. Rossi, R. Ceravolo, C. Chisari
This is an observational cross-sectional study evaluating gait dynamics in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and severe postural deformities, PD without axial deviations and healthy subjects. Ten PS individuals with Pisa syndrome (PS) and nine subjects with Camptocormia (CC) performed 3-D Gait Analysis and were evaluated with walking and balance scales. Correlations with clinical and functional scales were investigated. Spatio-temporal and kinematic data were compared to ten PD subjects without postural deformities (PP) and ten healthy matched individuals (CG). Data obtained showed decreased walking velocity, stride and step length in PP, PS and CC groups compared to controls. The correlation analysis showed that stride and step length were associated with reduced functional abilities and disease severity in PS and CC groups. Kinematic data revealed marked reduction in range of movements (ROMs) at all lower-extremity joints in PS group. While, in CC group the main differences were pronounced in hip and knee joints. PS and CC groups presented a more pronounced reduction in hip articular excursion compared to PP subjects, revealing an increased hip flexion pattern during gait cycle. Moreover, the increased hip and knee flexion pattern adversely affected functional performance during walking tests. Results obtained provide evidence that step length, along with stride length, can be proposed as simple and clear indicators of disease severity and reduced functional abilities. The reduction of ROMs at hip joint represented an important mechanism contributing to decreased walking velocity, balance impairment and reduced gait performance in PD patients with postural deformities.



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Hearing loss and associated medical conditions among individuals 65 years and older.

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Hearing loss and associated medical conditions among individuals 65 years and older.

Disabil Health J. 2017 Jun 01;:

Authors: McKee MM, Stransky ML, Reichard A

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hearing loss is prevalent, but few studies have investigated its associations with common medical conditions.
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the prevalence of medical conditions among individuals with hearing loss, compared to those without hearing loss, in people aged 65 years and older.
METHODS: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collects data on a variety of health-related topics, including disability. Three years of NHIS data (2011-2013; unweighted n = 53,111) were pooled to examine subpopulations of individuals with hearing loss. Comparisons were made between adults aged 65 and older with, and without, self-reported hearing loss. Statistical analysis included descriptive frequencies, Chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regressions. The outcomes of interest included self-reported diagnosis of arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, emphysema, stroke, cancer, asthma, multiple chronic conditions, health status, and obesity.
RESULTS: Hearing loss prevalence was nearly 37%. After adjusting for sociodemographics, smoking status, and disability, hearing loss was independently associated with the following conditions: arthritis (OR 1.41; 1.27-1.57), cancer (OR 1.35; 1.21-1.5), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.48; 1.33-1.66), diabetes (OR 1.16; 1.03-1.31), emphysema (OR 1.41; 1.14-1.74), high blood pressure (OR 1.29; 1.17-1.43), and stroke (OR 1.39; 1.12-1.66). There was an association with worse health status over the past year (OR 1.5 (1.3-1.73).
CONCLUSIONS: Hearing loss among older individuals is independently associated with increased disease burden and poorer self-reported health. Future studies are needed to investigate the mechanistic nature of these associations, and whether improved access to hearing healthcare surveillance can reduce the overall health burden among these individuals.

PMID: 28596096 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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In Their Own Words: Interviews with Musicians Reveal the Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing Earplugs.

In Their Own Words: Interviews with Musicians Reveal the Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing Earplugs.

Med Probl Perform Art. 2017 Jun;32(2):101-110

Authors: Beach EF, O'Brien I

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Musicians are at risk of hearing loss from sound exposure, and earplugs form part of many musicians' hearing conservation practices. Although musicians typically report a range of difficulties when wearing earplugs, there are many who have managed to successfully incorporate earplugs into their practice of music.
OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to provide a detailed account of earplug usage from the perspective of the musician, including motivating factors, practical strategies, and attitudes.
METHODS: In-depth interviews with 23 musicians were transcribed and content analysis was performed. Responses were coded and classified into three main themes: advantages, disadvantages, and usage patterns and strategies, together with an overlapping fourth theme, youth perspectives.
RESULTS: Several positive aspects of wearing earplugs were identified, including long-term hearing protection and reduced levels of fatigue and pain. Musicians reported that earplugs present few problems for communication, improve sound clarity in ensembles, are discreet, and are easy to handle. However, earplugs also present challenges, including an overall dullness of sound, reduced immediacy, and an impaired ability to judge balance and intonation due to the occlusion effect, all of which influence usage habits and patterns.
CONCLUSION: The experiences of the younger musicians and long-term users of earplugs indicate that practice, persistence, and a flexible approach are required for successful earplug usage. In time, there may be greater acceptance of earplugs, particularly amongst a new generation of musicians, some of whom regard the earplugs as a performance enhancement tool as well as a protective device.

PMID: 28599017 [PubMed - in process]

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Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths.

Related Articles

Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths.

J Exp Biol. 2017 Jun 08;:

Authors: Reimer T, Dempster T, Wargelius A, Fjelldal PG, Hansen T, Glover KA, Solberg MF, Swearer SE

Abstract
Sagittal otoliths are essential components of the sensory organs that enable all teleost fish to hear and maintain balance, and are primarily composed of calcium carbonate. A deformity, where aragonite (the normal crystal form) is replaced with vaterite, was first noted over 50 years ago but its underlying cause is unresolved. We evaluated the prevalence of vateritic otoliths from two captive rearing studies which suggested that fast growth, due to environmental rather than genetic control, led to vaterite development. We then tested this by varying light and temperature to create phenotypes with different growth rates, which resulted in fast growers (5x larger) having 3 times more vaterite than slow growers. A decrease in either the ratio of otolith matrix proteins (otolin-1/OMM-64) or [Ca(2+)]/[CO3(2-)] may explain why fast growth causes vaterite deposition. As vaterite decreases hearing sensitivity, reducing growth rates in hatcheries may improve the welfare of farmed fish and increase the success of conservation efforts.

PMID: 28596212 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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In Their Own Words: Interviews with Musicians Reveal the Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing Earplugs.

In Their Own Words: Interviews with Musicians Reveal the Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing Earplugs.

Med Probl Perform Art. 2017 Jun;32(2):101-110

Authors: Beach EF, O'Brien I

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Musicians are at risk of hearing loss from sound exposure, and earplugs form part of many musicians' hearing conservation practices. Although musicians typically report a range of difficulties when wearing earplugs, there are many who have managed to successfully incorporate earplugs into their practice of music.
OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to provide a detailed account of earplug usage from the perspective of the musician, including motivating factors, practical strategies, and attitudes.
METHODS: In-depth interviews with 23 musicians were transcribed and content analysis was performed. Responses were coded and classified into three main themes: advantages, disadvantages, and usage patterns and strategies, together with an overlapping fourth theme, youth perspectives.
RESULTS: Several positive aspects of wearing earplugs were identified, including long-term hearing protection and reduced levels of fatigue and pain. Musicians reported that earplugs present few problems for communication, improve sound clarity in ensembles, are discreet, and are easy to handle. However, earplugs also present challenges, including an overall dullness of sound, reduced immediacy, and an impaired ability to judge balance and intonation due to the occlusion effect, all of which influence usage habits and patterns.
CONCLUSION: The experiences of the younger musicians and long-term users of earplugs indicate that practice, persistence, and a flexible approach are required for successful earplug usage. In time, there may be greater acceptance of earplugs, particularly amongst a new generation of musicians, some of whom regard the earplugs as a performance enhancement tool as well as a protective device.

PMID: 28599017 [PubMed - in process]

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Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths.

Related Articles

Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths.

J Exp Biol. 2017 Jun 08;:

Authors: Reimer T, Dempster T, Wargelius A, Fjelldal PG, Hansen T, Glover KA, Solberg MF, Swearer SE

Abstract
Sagittal otoliths are essential components of the sensory organs that enable all teleost fish to hear and maintain balance, and are primarily composed of calcium carbonate. A deformity, where aragonite (the normal crystal form) is replaced with vaterite, was first noted over 50 years ago but its underlying cause is unresolved. We evaluated the prevalence of vateritic otoliths from two captive rearing studies which suggested that fast growth, due to environmental rather than genetic control, led to vaterite development. We then tested this by varying light and temperature to create phenotypes with different growth rates, which resulted in fast growers (5x larger) having 3 times more vaterite than slow growers. A decrease in either the ratio of otolith matrix proteins (otolin-1/OMM-64) or [Ca(2+)]/[CO3(2-)] may explain why fast growth causes vaterite deposition. As vaterite decreases hearing sensitivity, reducing growth rates in hatcheries may improve the welfare of farmed fish and increase the success of conservation efforts.

PMID: 28596212 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Sonic Unveils New Generation of Smart Hearing Aids

Sonic (http://www.sonici.us/) introduces its new hearing aid family Enchant, which features advanced smart sound processing, wireless, and individual fit capabilities. Enchant is built on Sonic's new SoundDNA platform, which enables Enchant hearing aids to optimize sounds by accurately detecting and adapting to its user's environmental changes. 

SoundDNA offers a SmartCompress function, which optimizes amplification in quiet, noise, and speech settings without the need for a separate environment classification system, and SpiN Management, which enhances sound through a directional microphone system and reduces noise. Armed with these technologies, Enchant can then instantly adapt the proper gain and compression, as well as preserve high-modulation speech sounds and reduce low-modulation noises.

Enchant is also equipped with SoundDNA's Dual-Radio System, which uses 2.4 GHz technology so users can stream audio directly to their hearing aids via their iPhones, and has Near Field Magnetic Induction (NFMI) for faster ear-to-ear communication. Enchant also has an extended dynamic range of up to 113 dB SPL. The new hearing aids also have Tinnitus SoundSupport for users who also have tinnitus, which allows users to choose from a selection of nature or broadband sounds.

​​Enchant is available in three technology levels: Enchant¹⁰⁰, Enchant⁸⁰, and Enchant⁶⁰ with popular styles including the miniRITE, miniRITE with telecoil, and BTW 105. All Enchant hearing aids also have an IP68 rating for protection from dust and water. 

Published: 6/9/2017 8:49:00 AM

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Sonic Unveils New Generation of Smart Hearing Aids

Sonic (http://www.sonici.us/) introduces its new hearing aid family Enchant, which features advanced smart sound processing, wireless, and individual fit capabilities. Enchant is built on Sonic's new SoundDNA platform, which enables Enchant hearing aids to optimize sounds by accurately detecting and adapting to its user's environmental changes. 

SoundDNA offers a SmartCompress function, which optimizes amplification in quiet, noise, and speech settings without the need for a separate environment classification system, and SpiN Management, which enhances sound through a directional microphone system and reduces noise. Armed with these technologies, Enchant can then instantly adapt the proper gain and compression, as well as preserve high-modulation speech sounds and reduce low-modulation noises.

Enchant is also equipped with SoundDNA's Dual-Radio System, which uses 2.4 GHz technology so users can stream audio directly to their hearing aids via their iPhones, and has Near Field Magnetic Induction (NFMI) for faster ear-to-ear communication. Enchant also has an extended dynamic range of up to 113 dB SPL. The new hearing aids also have Tinnitus SoundSupport for users who also have tinnitus, which allows users to choose from a selection of nature or broadband sounds.

​​Enchant is available in three technology levels: Enchant¹⁰⁰, Enchant⁸⁰, and Enchant⁶⁰ with popular styles including the miniRITE, miniRITE with telecoil, and BTW 105. All Enchant hearing aids also have an IP68 rating for protection from dust and water. 

Published: 6/9/2017 8:49:00 AM

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Sonic Unveils New Generation of Smart Hearing Aids

Sonic (http://www.sonici.us/) introduces its new hearing aid family Enchant, which features advanced smart sound processing, wireless, and individual fit capabilities. Enchant is built on Sonic's new SoundDNA platform, which enables Enchant hearing aids to optimize sounds by accurately detecting and adapting to its user's environmental changes. 

SoundDNA offers a SmartCompress function, which optimizes amplification in quiet, noise, and speech settings without the need for a separate environment classification system, and SpiN Management, which enhances sound through a directional microphone system and reduces noise. Armed with these technologies, Enchant can then instantly adapt the proper gain and compression, as well as preserve high-modulation speech sounds and reduce low-modulation noises.

Enchant is also equipped with SoundDNA's Dual-Radio System, which uses 2.4 GHz technology so users can stream audio directly to their hearing aids via their iPhones, and has Near Field Magnetic Induction (NFMI) for faster ear-to-ear communication. Enchant also has an extended dynamic range of up to 113 dB SPL. The new hearing aids also have Tinnitus SoundSupport for users who also have tinnitus, which allows users to choose from a selection of nature or broadband sounds.

​​Enchant is available in three technology levels: Enchant¹⁰⁰, Enchant⁸⁰, and Enchant⁶⁰ with popular styles including the miniRITE, miniRITE with telecoil, and BTW 105. All Enchant hearing aids also have an IP68 rating for protection from dust and water. 

Published: 6/9/2017 8:49:00 AM

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Drill-induced Cochlear Injury During Otologic Surgery: Intracochlear Pressure Evidence of Acoustic Trauma.

Hypothesis: Drilling on the incus produces intracochlear pressure changes comparable to pressures created by high-intensity acoustic stimuli. Background: New-onset sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) following mastoid surgery can occur secondary to inadvertent drilling on the ossicular chain. To investigate this, we test the hypothesis that high sound pressure levels are generated when a high-speed drill contacts the incus. Methods: Human cadaveric heads underwent mastoidectomy, and fiber-optic sensors were placed in scala tympani and vestibuli to measure intracochlear pressures (PIC). Stapes velocities (Vstap) were measured using single-axis laser Doppler vibrometry. PIC and Vstap were measured while drilling on the incus. Four-millimeter diamond and cutting burrs were used at drill speeds of 20k, 50k, and 80k Hz. Results: No differences in peak equivalent ear canal noise exposures (134-165 dB SPL) were seen between drill speeds or burr types. Root-mean-square PIC amplitude calculated in third-octave bandwidths around 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz revealed equivalent ear canal (EAC) pressures up to 110 to 112 dB SPL. A statistically significant trend toward increasing noise exposure with decreasing drill speed was seen. No significant differences were noted between burr types. Calculations of equivalent EAC pressure from Vstap were significantly higher at 101 to 116 dB SPL. Conclusion: Our results suggest that incidental drilling on the ossicular chain can generate PIC comparable to high-intensity acoustic stimulation. Drill speed, but not burr type, significantly affected the magnitude of PIC. Inadvertent drilling on the ossicular chain produces intense cochlear stimulation that could cause SNHL. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company

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Subjective Visual Vertical in Idiopathic Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Enhanced Role of Vision, Neck, and Body Proprioception.

Introduction: We aimed to study the participation of proprioceptive and visual inputs in subjective visual vertical (SVV) in bilateral vestibular hypofunction and in normal subjects. Study Design: Prospective case-control study. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Materials and Methods: SVV (six replicates) was measured on a tiltable rehabilitation seat in 26 adult patients with idiopathic bilateral vestibular hypofunction (IBVH) and 33 adult controls. Subjects were asked to place vertically a 45 degrees-tilted red line on a screen (three replicates to left and three to right alternatively) using a remote control in total darkness and in seven body positions: vertical, head, and body left- and right-tilts to 12 and 24 degrees, and then body left- and right-tilt to 24 degrees with the head upright. Results: In the vertical position, SVV did not differ between IBVH and controls. Patients with IBVH were more sensitive to body tilt than controls (SVV: -8.1 +/- 4.66 degrees for IBVH versus -0.2 +/- 3.23 for control at 24 degrees body and head left-tilt, p

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