Genetic perturbations suggest a role of the resting potential in regulating the expression of the ion channels of the KCNA and HCN families in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus

Publication date: Available online 5 January 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiao-Jie Cao, Donata Oertel
Low-voltage-activated K⁺ (gKL) and hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation conductances (gh) mediate currents, IKL and Ih, through channels of the Kv1 (KCNA) and HCN families respectively and give auditory neurons the temporal precision required for signaling information about the onset, fine structure, and time of arrival of sounds. Being partially activated at rest, gKL and gh contribute to the resting potential and shape responses to even small subthreshold synaptic currents. Resting gKL and gh also affect the coupling of somatic depolarization with the generation of action potentials. To learn how these important conductances are regulated we have investigated how genetic perturbations affect their expression in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We report five new findings: First, the magnitude of gh and gKL varied over more than two-fold between wild type strains of mice. Second, average resting potentials are not different in different strains of mice even in the face of large differences in average gKL and gh. Third, IKL has two components, one being α-dendrotoxin (α-DTX)-sensitive and partially inactivating and the other being α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive, and non-inactivating. Fourth, the loss of Kv1.1 results in diminution of the α-DTX-sensitive IKL, and compensatory increased expression of an α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive IKL. Fifth, Ih and IKL are balanced at the resting potential in all wild type and mutant octopus cells even when resting potentials vary in individual cells over nearly 10 mV, indicating that the resting potential influences the expression of gh and gKL. The independence of resting potentials on gKL and gh shows that gKL and gh do not, over days or weeks, determine the resting potential but rather that the resting potential plays a role in regulating the magnitude of either or both gKL and gh.



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Genetic perturbations suggest a role of the resting potential in regulating the expression of the ion channels of the KCNA and HCN families in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus

Publication date: Available online 5 January 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiao-Jie Cao, Donata Oertel
Low-voltage-activated K⁺ (gKL) and hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation conductances (gh) mediate currents, IKL and Ih, through channels of the Kv1 (KCNA) and HCN families respectively and give auditory neurons the temporal precision required for signaling information about the onset, fine structure, and time of arrival of sounds. Being partially activated at rest, gKL and gh contribute to the resting potential and shape responses to even small subthreshold synaptic currents. Resting gKL and gh also affect the coupling of somatic depolarization with the generation of action potentials. To learn how these important conductances are regulated we have investigated how genetic perturbations affect their expression in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We report five new findings: First, the magnitude of gh and gKL varied over more than two-fold between wild type strains of mice. Second, average resting potentials are not different in different strains of mice even in the face of large differences in average gKL and gh. Third, IKL has two components, one being α-dendrotoxin (α-DTX)-sensitive and partially inactivating and the other being α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive, and non-inactivating. Fourth, the loss of Kv1.1 results in diminution of the α-DTX-sensitive IKL, and compensatory increased expression of an α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive IKL. Fifth, Ih and IKL are balanced at the resting potential in all wild type and mutant octopus cells even when resting potentials vary in individual cells over nearly 10 mV, indicating that the resting potential influences the expression of gh and gKL. The independence of resting potentials on gKL and gh shows that gKL and gh do not, over days or weeks, determine the resting potential but rather that the resting potential plays a role in regulating the magnitude of either or both gKL and gh.



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Genetic perturbations suggest a role of the resting potential in regulating the expression of the ion channels of the KCNA and HCN families in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus

Publication date: Available online 5 January 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Xiao-Jie Cao, Donata Oertel
Low-voltage-activated K⁺ (gKL) and hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation conductances (gh) mediate currents, IKL and Ih, through channels of the Kv1 (KCNA) and HCN families respectively and give auditory neurons the temporal precision required for signaling information about the onset, fine structure, and time of arrival of sounds. Being partially activated at rest, gKL and gh contribute to the resting potential and shape responses to even small subthreshold synaptic currents. Resting gKL and gh also affect the coupling of somatic depolarization with the generation of action potentials. To learn how these important conductances are regulated we have investigated how genetic perturbations affect their expression in octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We report five new findings: First, the magnitude of gh and gKL varied over more than two-fold between wild type strains of mice. Second, average resting potentials are not different in different strains of mice even in the face of large differences in average gKL and gh. Third, IKL has two components, one being α-dendrotoxin (α-DTX)-sensitive and partially inactivating and the other being α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive, and non-inactivating. Fourth, the loss of Kv1.1 results in diminution of the α-DTX-sensitive IKL, and compensatory increased expression of an α-DTX-insensitive, tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive IKL. Fifth, Ih and IKL are balanced at the resting potential in all wild type and mutant octopus cells even when resting potentials vary in individual cells over nearly 10 mV, indicating that the resting potential influences the expression of gh and gKL. The independence of resting potentials on gKL and gh shows that gKL and gh do not, over days or weeks, determine the resting potential but rather that the resting potential plays a role in regulating the magnitude of either or both gKL and gh.



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English Listeners Use Suprasegmental Cues to Lexical Stress Early During Spoken-Word Recognition

Purpose

We used an eye-tracking technique to investigate whether English listeners use suprasegmental information about lexical stress to speed up the recognition of spoken words in English.

Method

In a visual world paradigm, 24 young English listeners followed spoken instructions to choose 1 of 4 printed referents on a computer screen (e.g., “Click on the word admiral”). Displays contained a critical pair of words (e.g., ˈadmiral–ˌadmiˈration) that were segmentally identical for their first 2 syllables but differed suprasegmentally in their 1st syllable: One word began with primary lexical stress, and the other began with secondary lexical stress. All words had phrase-level prominence. Listeners' relative proportion of eye fixations on these words indicated their ability to differentiate them over time.

Results

Before critical word pairs became segmentally distinguishable in their 3rd syllables, participants fixated target words more than their stress competitors, but only if targets had initial primary lexical stress. The degree to which stress competitors were fixated was independent of their stress pattern.

Conclusions

Suprasegmental information about lexical stress modulates the time course of spoken-word recognition. Specifically, suprasegmental information on the primary-stressed syllable of words with phrase-level prominence helps in distinguishing the word from phonological competitors with secondary lexical stress.

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Economic Impact of Hearing Loss and Reduction of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the United States

Purpose

Hearing loss (HL) is pervasive and debilitating, and noise-induced HL is preventable by reducing environmental noise. Lack of economic analyses of HL impacts means that prevention and treatment remain a low priority for public health and environmental investment.

Method

This article estimates the costs of HL on productivity by building on established estimates for HL prevalence and wage and employment differentials between those with and without HL.

Results

We estimate that HL affects more than 13% of the working population. Not all HL can be prevented or treated, but if the 20% of HL resulting from excessive noise exposure were prevented, the economic benefit would be substantial—we estimate a range of $58 billion to $152 billion annually, with a core estimate of $123 billion. We believe this is a conservative estimate, because consideration of additional costs of HL, including health care and special education, would likely further increase the benefits associated with HL prevention.

Conclusion

HL is costly and warrants additional emphasis in public and environmental health programs. This study represents an important first step in valuing HL prevention—in particular, prevention of noise-induced HL—where new policies and technologies appear promising.

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Children's Use of Semantic Context in Perception of Foreign-Accented Speech

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate children's use of semantic context to facilitate foreign-accented word recognition in noise.

Method

Monolingual American English speaking 5- to 7-year-olds (n = 168) repeated either Mandarin- or American English–accented sentences in babble, half of which contained final words that were highly predictable from context. The same final words were presented in the low- and high-predictability sentences.

Results

Word recognition scores were better in the high- than low-predictability contexts. Scores improved with age and were higher for the native than the Mandarin accent. The oldest children saw the greatest benefit from context; however, context benefit was similar regardless of speaker accent.

Conclusion

Despite significant acoustic-phonetic deviations from native norms, young children capitalize on contextual cues when presented with foreign-accented speech. Implications for spoken word recognition in children with speech, language, and hearing differences are discussed.

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The Interaction of Lexical Characteristics and Speech Production in Parkinson's Disease

Purpose

This study sought to investigate the interaction of speech movement execution with higher order lexical parameters. The authors examined how lexical characteristics affect speech output in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy control (HC) speakers.

Method

Twenty speakers with PD and 12 healthy speakers read sentences with target words that varied in word frequency and neighborhood density. The formant transitions (F2 slopes) of the diphthongs in the target words were compared across lexical categories between PD and HC groups.

Results

Both groups of speakers produced steeper F2 slopes for the diphthongs in less frequent words and words from sparse neighborhoods. The magnitude of the increase in F2 slopes was significantly less in the PD than HC group. The lexical effect on the F2 slope differed among the diphthongs and between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

PD and healthy speakers varied their acoustic output on the basis of word frequency and neighborhood density. F2 slope variations can be traced to higher level lexical differences. This lexical effect on articulation, however, appears to be constrained by PD.

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Hearing Impairment and Undiagnosed Disease: The Potential Role of Clinical Recommendations

Purpose

The objective of this study was to use cross-sectional, nationally representative data to examine the relationship between self-reported hearing impairment and undetected diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Method

We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2007–2012 for individuals 40 years of age and older without previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Analyses were conducted examining hearing impairment and undiagnosed disease.

Results

The unweighted sample size was 9,786, representing 123,444,066 Americans. Hearing impairment was reported in 10.2% of the individuals. In unadjusted analyses, there was no significant difference between adults with hearing impairment and adults with typical hearing for undiagnosed diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. A higher proportion of adults with hearing impairment than adults with typical hearing had undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (20.1% vs. 10.7%; p = .0001). In models adjusting for demographics and health care utilization, hearing impairment was associated with a higher likelihood of having undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI [1.23, 1.91]).

Conclusions

Individuals with hearing impairment are more likely to have undiagnosed chronic kidney disease. Hearing impairment may affect disclosure of important signs and symptoms as well as the comprehension of medical conversations for chronic disease management. General practitioners can play a critical role in improving medical communication by responding with sensitivity to the signs of hearing impairment in their patients.

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A Lag in Speech Motor Coordination During Sentence Production Is Associated With Stuttering Persistence in Young Children

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if indices of speech motor coordination during the production of sentences varying in sentence length and syntactic complexity were associated with stuttering persistence versus recovery in 5- to 7-year-old children.

Methods

We compared children with persistent stuttering (CWS-Per) with children who had recovered (CWS-Rec), and children who do not stutter (CWNS). A kinematic measure of articulatory coordination, lip aperture variability (LAVar), and overall movement duration were computed for perceptually fluent sentence productions varying in length and syntactic complexity.

Results

CWS-Per exhibited higher LAVar across sentence types compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. For the participants who successfully completed the experimental paradigm, the demands of increasing sentence length and syntactic complexity did not appear to disproportionately affect the speech motor coordination of CWS-Per compared to their recovered and fluent peers. However, a subset of CWS-Per failed to produce the required number of accurate utterances.

Conclusions

These findings support our hypothesis that the speech motor coordination of school-age CWS-Per, on average, is less refined and less mature compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. Childhood recovery from stuttering is characterized, in part, by overcoming an earlier occurring maturational lag in speech motor development.

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A General Audiovisual Temporal Processing Deficit in Adult Readers With Dyslexia

Purpose

Because reading is an audiovisual process, reading impairment may reflect an audiovisual processing deficit. The aim of the present study was to test the existence and scope of such a deficit in adult readers with dyslexia.

Method

We tested 39 typical readers and 51 adult readers with dyslexia on their sensitivity to the simultaneity of audiovisual speech and nonspeech stimuli, their time window of audiovisual integration for speech (using incongruent /aCa/ syllables), and their audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Results

Adult readers with dyslexia showed less sensitivity to audiovisual simultaneity than typical readers for both speech and nonspeech events. We found no differences between readers with dyslexia and typical readers in the temporal window of integration for audiovisual speech or in the audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Conclusions

The results suggest an audiovisual temporal deficit in dyslexia that is not specific to speech-related events. But the differences found for audiovisual temporal sensitivity did not translate into a deficit in audiovisual speech perception. Hence, there seems to be a hiatus between simultaneity judgment and perception, suggesting a multisensory system that uses different mechanisms across tasks. Alternatively, it is possible that the audiovisual deficit in dyslexia is only observable when explicit judgments about audiovisual simultaneity are required.

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Travelling Wave Pulse Coupled Oscillator (TWPCO) Using a Self-Organizing Scheme for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

by Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi, Zurina Mohd Hanapi, Mohamed Othman, Zuriati Ahmad Zukarnain

Recently, Pulse Coupled Oscillator (PCO)-based travelling waves have attracted substantial attention by researchers in wireless sensor network (WSN) synchronization. Because WSNs are generally artificial occurrences that mimic natural phenomena, the PCO utilizes firefly synchronization of attracting mating partners for modelling the WSN. However, given that sensor nodes are unable to receive messages while transmitting data packets (due to deafness), the PCO model may not be efficient for sensor network modelling. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposed a new scheme called the Travelling Wave Pulse Coupled Oscillator (TWPCO). For this, the study used a self-organizing scheme for energy-efficient WSNs that adopted travelling wave biologically inspired network systems based on phase locking of the PCO model to counteract deafness. From the simulation, it was found that the proposed TWPCO scheme attained a steady state after a number of cycles. It also showed superior performance compared to other mechanisms, with a reduction in the total energy consumption of 25%. The results showed that the performance improved by 13% in terms of data gathering. Based on the results, the proposed scheme avoids the deafness that occurs in the transmit state in WSNs and increases the data collection throughout the transmission states in WSNs.

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English Listeners Use Suprasegmental Cues to Lexical Stress Early During Spoken-Word Recognition

Purpose

We used an eye-tracking technique to investigate whether English listeners use suprasegmental information about lexical stress to speed up the recognition of spoken words in English.

Method

In a visual world paradigm, 24 young English listeners followed spoken instructions to choose 1 of 4 printed referents on a computer screen (e.g., “Click on the word admiral”). Displays contained a critical pair of words (e.g., ˈadmiral–ˌadmiˈration) that were segmentally identical for their first 2 syllables but differed suprasegmentally in their 1st syllable: One word began with primary lexical stress, and the other began with secondary lexical stress. All words had phrase-level prominence. Listeners' relative proportion of eye fixations on these words indicated their ability to differentiate them over time.

Results

Before critical word pairs became segmentally distinguishable in their 3rd syllables, participants fixated target words more than their stress competitors, but only if targets had initial primary lexical stress. The degree to which stress competitors were fixated was independent of their stress pattern.

Conclusions

Suprasegmental information about lexical stress modulates the time course of spoken-word recognition. Specifically, suprasegmental information on the primary-stressed syllable of words with phrase-level prominence helps in distinguishing the word from phonological competitors with secondary lexical stress.

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Economic Impact of Hearing Loss and Reduction of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the United States

Purpose

Hearing loss (HL) is pervasive and debilitating, and noise-induced HL is preventable by reducing environmental noise. Lack of economic analyses of HL impacts means that prevention and treatment remain a low priority for public health and environmental investment.

Method

This article estimates the costs of HL on productivity by building on established estimates for HL prevalence and wage and employment differentials between those with and without HL.

Results

We estimate that HL affects more than 13% of the working population. Not all HL can be prevented or treated, but if the 20% of HL resulting from excessive noise exposure were prevented, the economic benefit would be substantial—we estimate a range of $58 billion to $152 billion annually, with a core estimate of $123 billion. We believe this is a conservative estimate, because consideration of additional costs of HL, including health care and special education, would likely further increase the benefits associated with HL prevention.

Conclusion

HL is costly and warrants additional emphasis in public and environmental health programs. This study represents an important first step in valuing HL prevention—in particular, prevention of noise-induced HL—where new policies and technologies appear promising.

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Children's Use of Semantic Context in Perception of Foreign-Accented Speech

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate children's use of semantic context to facilitate foreign-accented word recognition in noise.

Method

Monolingual American English speaking 5- to 7-year-olds (n = 168) repeated either Mandarin- or American English–accented sentences in babble, half of which contained final words that were highly predictable from context. The same final words were presented in the low- and high-predictability sentences.

Results

Word recognition scores were better in the high- than low-predictability contexts. Scores improved with age and were higher for the native than the Mandarin accent. The oldest children saw the greatest benefit from context; however, context benefit was similar regardless of speaker accent.

Conclusion

Despite significant acoustic-phonetic deviations from native norms, young children capitalize on contextual cues when presented with foreign-accented speech. Implications for spoken word recognition in children with speech, language, and hearing differences are discussed.

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The Interaction of Lexical Characteristics and Speech Production in Parkinson's Disease

Purpose

This study sought to investigate the interaction of speech movement execution with higher order lexical parameters. The authors examined how lexical characteristics affect speech output in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy control (HC) speakers.

Method

Twenty speakers with PD and 12 healthy speakers read sentences with target words that varied in word frequency and neighborhood density. The formant transitions (F2 slopes) of the diphthongs in the target words were compared across lexical categories between PD and HC groups.

Results

Both groups of speakers produced steeper F2 slopes for the diphthongs in less frequent words and words from sparse neighborhoods. The magnitude of the increase in F2 slopes was significantly less in the PD than HC group. The lexical effect on the F2 slope differed among the diphthongs and between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

PD and healthy speakers varied their acoustic output on the basis of word frequency and neighborhood density. F2 slope variations can be traced to higher level lexical differences. This lexical effect on articulation, however, appears to be constrained by PD.

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Hearing Impairment and Undiagnosed Disease: The Potential Role of Clinical Recommendations

Purpose

The objective of this study was to use cross-sectional, nationally representative data to examine the relationship between self-reported hearing impairment and undetected diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Method

We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2007–2012 for individuals 40 years of age and older without previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Analyses were conducted examining hearing impairment and undiagnosed disease.

Results

The unweighted sample size was 9,786, representing 123,444,066 Americans. Hearing impairment was reported in 10.2% of the individuals. In unadjusted analyses, there was no significant difference between adults with hearing impairment and adults with typical hearing for undiagnosed diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. A higher proportion of adults with hearing impairment than adults with typical hearing had undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (20.1% vs. 10.7%; p = .0001). In models adjusting for demographics and health care utilization, hearing impairment was associated with a higher likelihood of having undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI [1.23, 1.91]).

Conclusions

Individuals with hearing impairment are more likely to have undiagnosed chronic kidney disease. Hearing impairment may affect disclosure of important signs and symptoms as well as the comprehension of medical conversations for chronic disease management. General practitioners can play a critical role in improving medical communication by responding with sensitivity to the signs of hearing impairment in their patients.

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A Lag in Speech Motor Coordination During Sentence Production Is Associated With Stuttering Persistence in Young Children

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if indices of speech motor coordination during the production of sentences varying in sentence length and syntactic complexity were associated with stuttering persistence versus recovery in 5- to 7-year-old children.

Methods

We compared children with persistent stuttering (CWS-Per) with children who had recovered (CWS-Rec), and children who do not stutter (CWNS). A kinematic measure of articulatory coordination, lip aperture variability (LAVar), and overall movement duration were computed for perceptually fluent sentence productions varying in length and syntactic complexity.

Results

CWS-Per exhibited higher LAVar across sentence types compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. For the participants who successfully completed the experimental paradigm, the demands of increasing sentence length and syntactic complexity did not appear to disproportionately affect the speech motor coordination of CWS-Per compared to their recovered and fluent peers. However, a subset of CWS-Per failed to produce the required number of accurate utterances.

Conclusions

These findings support our hypothesis that the speech motor coordination of school-age CWS-Per, on average, is less refined and less mature compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. Childhood recovery from stuttering is characterized, in part, by overcoming an earlier occurring maturational lag in speech motor development.

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A General Audiovisual Temporal Processing Deficit in Adult Readers With Dyslexia

Purpose

Because reading is an audiovisual process, reading impairment may reflect an audiovisual processing deficit. The aim of the present study was to test the existence and scope of such a deficit in adult readers with dyslexia.

Method

We tested 39 typical readers and 51 adult readers with dyslexia on their sensitivity to the simultaneity of audiovisual speech and nonspeech stimuli, their time window of audiovisual integration for speech (using incongruent /aCa/ syllables), and their audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Results

Adult readers with dyslexia showed less sensitivity to audiovisual simultaneity than typical readers for both speech and nonspeech events. We found no differences between readers with dyslexia and typical readers in the temporal window of integration for audiovisual speech or in the audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Conclusions

The results suggest an audiovisual temporal deficit in dyslexia that is not specific to speech-related events. But the differences found for audiovisual temporal sensitivity did not translate into a deficit in audiovisual speech perception. Hence, there seems to be a hiatus between simultaneity judgment and perception, suggesting a multisensory system that uses different mechanisms across tasks. Alternatively, it is possible that the audiovisual deficit in dyslexia is only observable when explicit judgments about audiovisual simultaneity are required.

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English Listeners Use Suprasegmental Cues to Lexical Stress Early During Spoken-Word Recognition

Purpose

We used an eye-tracking technique to investigate whether English listeners use suprasegmental information about lexical stress to speed up the recognition of spoken words in English.

Method

In a visual world paradigm, 24 young English listeners followed spoken instructions to choose 1 of 4 printed referents on a computer screen (e.g., “Click on the word admiral”). Displays contained a critical pair of words (e.g., ˈadmiral–ˌadmiˈration) that were segmentally identical for their first 2 syllables but differed suprasegmentally in their 1st syllable: One word began with primary lexical stress, and the other began with secondary lexical stress. All words had phrase-level prominence. Listeners' relative proportion of eye fixations on these words indicated their ability to differentiate them over time.

Results

Before critical word pairs became segmentally distinguishable in their 3rd syllables, participants fixated target words more than their stress competitors, but only if targets had initial primary lexical stress. The degree to which stress competitors were fixated was independent of their stress pattern.

Conclusions

Suprasegmental information about lexical stress modulates the time course of spoken-word recognition. Specifically, suprasegmental information on the primary-stressed syllable of words with phrase-level prominence helps in distinguishing the word from phonological competitors with secondary lexical stress.

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Economic Impact of Hearing Loss and Reduction of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the United States

Purpose

Hearing loss (HL) is pervasive and debilitating, and noise-induced HL is preventable by reducing environmental noise. Lack of economic analyses of HL impacts means that prevention and treatment remain a low priority for public health and environmental investment.

Method

This article estimates the costs of HL on productivity by building on established estimates for HL prevalence and wage and employment differentials between those with and without HL.

Results

We estimate that HL affects more than 13% of the working population. Not all HL can be prevented or treated, but if the 20% of HL resulting from excessive noise exposure were prevented, the economic benefit would be substantial—we estimate a range of $58 billion to $152 billion annually, with a core estimate of $123 billion. We believe this is a conservative estimate, because consideration of additional costs of HL, including health care and special education, would likely further increase the benefits associated with HL prevention.

Conclusion

HL is costly and warrants additional emphasis in public and environmental health programs. This study represents an important first step in valuing HL prevention—in particular, prevention of noise-induced HL—where new policies and technologies appear promising.

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Children's Use of Semantic Context in Perception of Foreign-Accented Speech

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate children's use of semantic context to facilitate foreign-accented word recognition in noise.

Method

Monolingual American English speaking 5- to 7-year-olds (n = 168) repeated either Mandarin- or American English–accented sentences in babble, half of which contained final words that were highly predictable from context. The same final words were presented in the low- and high-predictability sentences.

Results

Word recognition scores were better in the high- than low-predictability contexts. Scores improved with age and were higher for the native than the Mandarin accent. The oldest children saw the greatest benefit from context; however, context benefit was similar regardless of speaker accent.

Conclusion

Despite significant acoustic-phonetic deviations from native norms, young children capitalize on contextual cues when presented with foreign-accented speech. Implications for spoken word recognition in children with speech, language, and hearing differences are discussed.

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The Interaction of Lexical Characteristics and Speech Production in Parkinson's Disease

Purpose

This study sought to investigate the interaction of speech movement execution with higher order lexical parameters. The authors examined how lexical characteristics affect speech output in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy control (HC) speakers.

Method

Twenty speakers with PD and 12 healthy speakers read sentences with target words that varied in word frequency and neighborhood density. The formant transitions (F2 slopes) of the diphthongs in the target words were compared across lexical categories between PD and HC groups.

Results

Both groups of speakers produced steeper F2 slopes for the diphthongs in less frequent words and words from sparse neighborhoods. The magnitude of the increase in F2 slopes was significantly less in the PD than HC group. The lexical effect on the F2 slope differed among the diphthongs and between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

PD and healthy speakers varied their acoustic output on the basis of word frequency and neighborhood density. F2 slope variations can be traced to higher level lexical differences. This lexical effect on articulation, however, appears to be constrained by PD.

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Hearing Impairment and Undiagnosed Disease: The Potential Role of Clinical Recommendations

Purpose

The objective of this study was to use cross-sectional, nationally representative data to examine the relationship between self-reported hearing impairment and undetected diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Method

We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2007–2012 for individuals 40 years of age and older without previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Analyses were conducted examining hearing impairment and undiagnosed disease.

Results

The unweighted sample size was 9,786, representing 123,444,066 Americans. Hearing impairment was reported in 10.2% of the individuals. In unadjusted analyses, there was no significant difference between adults with hearing impairment and adults with typical hearing for undiagnosed diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. A higher proportion of adults with hearing impairment than adults with typical hearing had undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (20.1% vs. 10.7%; p = .0001). In models adjusting for demographics and health care utilization, hearing impairment was associated with a higher likelihood of having undiagnosed chronic kidney disease (odds ratio = 1.53, 95% CI [1.23, 1.91]).

Conclusions

Individuals with hearing impairment are more likely to have undiagnosed chronic kidney disease. Hearing impairment may affect disclosure of important signs and symptoms as well as the comprehension of medical conversations for chronic disease management. General practitioners can play a critical role in improving medical communication by responding with sensitivity to the signs of hearing impairment in their patients.

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A Lag in Speech Motor Coordination During Sentence Production Is Associated With Stuttering Persistence in Young Children

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if indices of speech motor coordination during the production of sentences varying in sentence length and syntactic complexity were associated with stuttering persistence versus recovery in 5- to 7-year-old children.

Methods

We compared children with persistent stuttering (CWS-Per) with children who had recovered (CWS-Rec), and children who do not stutter (CWNS). A kinematic measure of articulatory coordination, lip aperture variability (LAVar), and overall movement duration were computed for perceptually fluent sentence productions varying in length and syntactic complexity.

Results

CWS-Per exhibited higher LAVar across sentence types compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. For the participants who successfully completed the experimental paradigm, the demands of increasing sentence length and syntactic complexity did not appear to disproportionately affect the speech motor coordination of CWS-Per compared to their recovered and fluent peers. However, a subset of CWS-Per failed to produce the required number of accurate utterances.

Conclusions

These findings support our hypothesis that the speech motor coordination of school-age CWS-Per, on average, is less refined and less mature compared to CWS-Rec and CWNS. Childhood recovery from stuttering is characterized, in part, by overcoming an earlier occurring maturational lag in speech motor development.

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A General Audiovisual Temporal Processing Deficit in Adult Readers With Dyslexia

Purpose

Because reading is an audiovisual process, reading impairment may reflect an audiovisual processing deficit. The aim of the present study was to test the existence and scope of such a deficit in adult readers with dyslexia.

Method

We tested 39 typical readers and 51 adult readers with dyslexia on their sensitivity to the simultaneity of audiovisual speech and nonspeech stimuli, their time window of audiovisual integration for speech (using incongruent /aCa/ syllables), and their audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Results

Adult readers with dyslexia showed less sensitivity to audiovisual simultaneity than typical readers for both speech and nonspeech events. We found no differences between readers with dyslexia and typical readers in the temporal window of integration for audiovisual speech or in the audiovisual perception of phonetic categories.

Conclusions

The results suggest an audiovisual temporal deficit in dyslexia that is not specific to speech-related events. But the differences found for audiovisual temporal sensitivity did not translate into a deficit in audiovisual speech perception. Hence, there seems to be a hiatus between simultaneity judgment and perception, suggesting a multisensory system that uses different mechanisms across tasks. Alternatively, it is possible that the audiovisual deficit in dyslexia is only observable when explicit judgments about audiovisual simultaneity are required.

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Cochlear Cell Modeling Using Disease-Specific iPSCs Unveils a Degenerative Phenotype and Suggests Treatments for Congenital Progressive Hearing Loss.

Cochlear Cell Modeling Using Disease-Specific iPSCs Unveils a Degenerative Phenotype and Suggests Treatments for Congenital Progressive Hearing Loss.

Cell Rep. 2017 Jan 03;18(1):68-81

Authors: Hosoya M, Fujioka M, Sone T, Okamoto S, Akamatsu W, Ukai H, Ueda HR, Ogawa K, Matsunaga T, Okano H

Abstract
Hearing impairments are the most common symptom of congenital defects, and they generally remain intractable to treatment. Pendred syndrome, the most frequent syndromic form of hereditary hearing loss, is associated with mutations in the anion exchanger pendrin. Loss of pendrin function as an anion exchanger is thought to be causative, but rodent models do not exhibit progressive deafness. Here, we report a degenerative phenotype exhibiting mutant pendrin aggregates and increased susceptibility to cellular stresses in cochlear epithelial cells induced from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These degenerative phenotypes were rescued by site-specific gene corrections. Moreover, low-dose rapamycin and metformin reduced aggregation and cell death. Our results provide an unexpected, comprehensive understanding of deafness due to "degenerative cochlear disease" and may contribute to rational therapeutic development. This iPSC-based disease model provides an approach to the study of pathogenesis and therapeutic development for hereditary hearing loss.

PMID: 28052261 [PubMed - in process]

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Cochlear Cell Modeling Using Disease-Specific iPSCs Unveils a Degenerative Phenotype and Suggests Treatments for Congenital Progressive Hearing Loss.

Cochlear Cell Modeling Using Disease-Specific iPSCs Unveils a Degenerative Phenotype and Suggests Treatments for Congenital Progressive Hearing Loss.

Cell Rep. 2017 Jan 03;18(1):68-81

Authors: Hosoya M, Fujioka M, Sone T, Okamoto S, Akamatsu W, Ukai H, Ueda HR, Ogawa K, Matsunaga T, Okano H

Abstract
Hearing impairments are the most common symptom of congenital defects, and they generally remain intractable to treatment. Pendred syndrome, the most frequent syndromic form of hereditary hearing loss, is associated with mutations in the anion exchanger pendrin. Loss of pendrin function as an anion exchanger is thought to be causative, but rodent models do not exhibit progressive deafness. Here, we report a degenerative phenotype exhibiting mutant pendrin aggregates and increased susceptibility to cellular stresses in cochlear epithelial cells induced from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These degenerative phenotypes were rescued by site-specific gene corrections. Moreover, low-dose rapamycin and metformin reduced aggregation and cell death. Our results provide an unexpected, comprehensive understanding of deafness due to "degenerative cochlear disease" and may contribute to rational therapeutic development. This iPSC-based disease model provides an approach to the study of pathogenesis and therapeutic development for hereditary hearing loss.

PMID: 28052261 [PubMed - in process]

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Examining the Impact of Video Modeling Techniques on the Efficacy of Clinical Voice Assessment

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): Cara Werner, Samantha Bowyer, Barbara Weinrich, Renee Gottliebson, Susan Baker Brehm
ObjectivesThe purpose of the current study was to determine whether or not presenting patients with a video model improves efficacy of the assessment as defined by efficiency and decreased variability in trials during the acoustic component of voice evaluations.MethodsTwenty pediatric participants with a mean age of 7.6 years (SD = 1.50; range = 6–11 years), 32 college-age participants with a mean age of 21.32 years (SD = 1.61; range = 18–30 years), and 17 adult participants with a mean age of 54.29 years (SD = 2.78; range = 50–70 years) were included in the study and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group viewed a training video prior to receiving verbal instructions and performing acoustic assessment tasks, whereas the control group received verbal instruction only prior to completing the acoustic assessment. Primary measures included the number of clinician cues required and instructional time. Standard deviations of acoustic measurements (eg, minimum and maximum frequency) were also examined to determine effects on stability.ResultsIndividuals in the experimental group required significantly less cues, P = 0.012, compared to the control group. Although some trends were observed in instructional time and stability of measurements, no significant differences were observed.ConclusionsThe findings of this study may be useful for speech-language pathologists in regard to improving assessment of patients' voice disorders with the use of video modeling.



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TOC

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1





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Perceptions of Voice Teachers Regarding Students' Vocal Behaviors During Singing and Speaking

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): Shellie A. Beeman
ObjectiveThis study examined voice teachers' perceptions of their instruction of healthy singing and speaking voice techniques.MethodsAn online, researcher-generated questionnaire based on the McClosky technique was administered to college/university voice teachers listed as members in the 2012–2013 College Music Society directory.ResultsA majority of participants believed there to be a relationship between the health of the singing voice and the health of the speaking voice. Participants' perception scores were the most positive for variable MBSi, the monitoring of students' vocal behaviors during singing. Perception scores for variable TVB, the teaching of healthy vocal behaviors, and variable MBSp, the monitoring of students' vocal behaviors while speaking, ranked second and third, respectively. Perception scores for variable TVB were primarily associated with participants' familiarity with voice rehabilitation techniques, gender, and familiarity with the McClosky technique. Perception scores for variable MBSi were primarily associated with participants' familiarity with voice rehabilitation techniques, gender, type of student taught, and instruction of a student with a voice disorder. Perception scores for variable MBSp were correlated with the greatest number of characteristics, including participants' familiarity with voice rehabilitation techniques, familiarity with the McClosky technique, type of student taught, years of teaching experience, and instruction of a student with a voice disorder.ConclusionVoice teachers are purportedly working with injured voices and attempting to include vocal health in their instruction. Although a voice teacher is not obligated to pursue further rehabilitative training, the current study revealed a positive relationship between familiarity with specific rehabilitation techniques and vocal health.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1





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Calendar

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1





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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Voice Problems Among Primary School Teachers in India

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): Usha Devadas, Rajashekhar Bellur, Santosh Maruthy
ObjectivesTeachers are more prone to develop voice problems (VPs) when compared with other professional voice users. The aim of present study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of VPs among primary school teachers in India.Study designEpidemiological cross-sectional survey.MethodsSelf-reporting questionnaire data were collected from 1082 teachers.ResultsOut of 1082 teachers who participated in the present study, 188 teachers reported VPs that account for a prevalence rate of 17.4%. Tired voice after long hours of talking was the most frequently reported symptom, followed by sore/dry throat, strain in voice, neck muscle tension, and difficulty in projecting voice. The adjusted odds ratio values showed number of years of teaching, high background noise levels in the classroom, experiencing psychological stress while teaching classes, improper breath management (holding breath while speaking), poor focus of the tone (clenching jaw/teeth while speaking), upper respiratory tract infection, thyroid problems, and acid reflux as significant risk factors for the development of VPs in the current cohort of teachers.ConclusionsCurrent results suggest that teachers develop VPs due to multiple risk factors. These factors may be either biological, psychomotor, or environment-related factors. A holistic approach (which could include educating teachers about voice care during their training, and if they develop VP during their career, then managing the VP by taking into consideration different risk factors) addressing all these factors needs to be adopted to prevent VPs in primary school teachers.



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Calendar Listings

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1





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Development and Validation of an Iranian Voice Quality of Life Profile (IVQLP) Based on a Classic and Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM)

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): Ali Dehqan, Fariba Yadegari, Ali Asgari, Ronald C. Scherer, Peyman Dabirmoghadam
ObjectivesNo culture based instrument exists for the people of Iran to measure outcomes of voice disorders. The objective of this study was to develop a statistically and culturally robust tool for assessing voice disorder outcomes in the Iranian population.MethodsA 65-item assessment tool called the Iranian Voice Quality of Life Profile (IVQLP) was developed after three stages of study. IVQLP measures voice disorder outcomes in four domains: physical, emotional, functional, and cultural. The questionnaire was given to 130 individuals with various voice disorders and 30 control subjects with no vocal pathology. The data obtained were subjected to measures of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and validity (content, construct, and concurrent) in the classic sense, as well as examined based on Rasch rating scale model analysis.ResultsResults showed that IVQLP had high internal consistency (α = 0.99) and test-retest reliability (r = 0/90). IVQLP differentiated the dysphonic group from the control group. Findings using the classic models suggested adequate construct validity for 43 items of the IVQLP fit the Rasch model. The high Rasch item separation reliability, separation index, and strata statistics for 43 items indicated that IVQLP provided further evidence that the items are reliable and comprehensive representations of quality of life concepts in Iranian people with voice disorders.ConclusionsThis study concludes that IVQLP is a sufficiently reliable and valid tool to measure Iranian patients' perception of their quality of life in respect to their voice problem.



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Voice Self-assessment Protocols: Different Trends Among Organic and Behavioral Dysphonias

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): Mara Behlau, Fabiana Zambon, Felipe Moreti, Gisele Oliveira, Euro de Barros Couto
ObjectivesThis study aimed to correlate the results of five self-assessment instruments for patients with behavioral or organic dysphonia (OD), and to analyze their relationship with listeners' judgments of degree of voice severity and predominant type of voice deviation.Study DesignThis is a cross-sectional prospective study.MethodsA total of 103 patients (77 with behavioral dysphonia, 26 with OD) completed the Brazilian validated versions of five instruments: Voice Handicap Index (VHI), Voice-Related Quality of Life, Vocal Performance Questionnaire, Voice Symptom Scale (VoiSS), and Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale. Voice samples were collected for auditory-perceptual analysis. Correlations were made among protocols, and between these instruments and the perceptual analysis.ResultsNone of the instruments correctly identified 100% of the dysphonic individuals. The VoiSS identified 100 of the 103 subjects. Numerous correlations were found with variable strength. The strongest correlation was between frequency and severity scales of the Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale (r = 0.946) and the total score of the VHI and VoiSS (r = 0.917). Correlations between the instruments and the perceptual analysis achieved only moderate strength; the VHI, the Voice-Related Quality of Life, and the VoiSS showed the highest correlations with counting numbers task, particularly for OD. The predominant type of voice deviation did not influence the score of the protocols.ConclusionsNone of the self-assessment instruments is capable of identifying all cases of dysphonia. However, they are important in assessing the impact of voice problem on quality of life. Patient self-assessment and clinician perceptual evaluation share only moderate correlations, with higher strength for counting numbers task in comparison with sustained vowel.



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Effects of Radioactive Iodine Ablation Therapy on Voice Quality

Publication date: January 2017
Source:Journal of Voice, Volume 31, Issue 1
Author(s): İmran Aydoğdu, Yavuz Atar, Ziya Saltürk, Hüseyin Sarı, Enes Ataç, Zeynep Aydoğdu, Muzaffer İnan, Gökhan Mersinlioğlu, Yavuz Uyar
ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of radioactive iodine ablation therapy on voice quality of patients diagnosed with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.MethodsWe enrolled 36 patients who underwent total or subtotal thyroidectomy due to well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Voice recordings from patients were analyzed for acoustic and aerodynamic voice. The Voice Handicap Index-10 was used for subjective analysis. The control group consisted of 36 healthy participants. Results taken before and after therapy were compared statistically.ResultsThere were no differences in the results taken before and after therapy for the radioactive iodine ablation group. The Voice Handicap Index-10 results did not differ between groups before and after therapy.ConclusionRadioactive iodine ablation therapy has no effect on voice quality objectively or subjectively.



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A POU3F4 Mutation Causes Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in a Chinese X-linked Recessive Family.

A POU3F4 Mutation Causes Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in a Chinese X-linked Recessive Family.

Chin Med J (Engl). 2017 5th Jan 2017;130(1):88-92

Authors: Du W, Han MK, Wang DY, Han B, Zong L, Lan L, Yang J, Shen Q, Xie LY, Yu L, Guan J, Wang QJ

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The molecular genetic research showed the association between X-linked hearing loss and mutations in POU3F4. This research aimed to identify a POU3F4 mutation in a nonsyndromic X-linked recessive hearing loss family.
METHODS: A series of clinical evaluations including medical history, otologic examinations, family history, audiologic testing, and a high-resolution computed tomography scan were performed for each patient. Bidirectional sequencing was carried out for all polymerase chain reaction products of the samples. Moreover, 834 controls with normal hearing were also tested.
RESULTS: The pedigree showed X-linkage recessive inheritance pattern, and pathogenic mutation (c.499C>T) was identified in the proband and his family member, which led to a premature termination prior to the entire POU domains. This mutation co-segregated with hearing loss in this family. No mutation of POU3F4 gene was found in 834 controls.
CONCLUSIONS: A nonsense mutation is identified in a family displaying the pedigree consistent with X-linked recessive pattern in POU3F4 gene. In addition, we may provide molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling for this family.

PMID: 28051029 [PubMed - in process]

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Interstitial 10p deletion derived from a maternal ins(16;10)(q22;p13p15.2): Report of the first familial case of 10p monosomy affecting to two familial members of different generations.

Related Articles

Interstitial 10p deletion derived from a maternal ins(16;10)(q22;p13p15.2): Report of the first familial case of 10p monosomy affecting to two familial members of different generations.

Am J Med Genet A. 2016 May;170A(5):1268-73

Authors: Fernández RM, Sánchez J, García-Díaz L, Peláez-Nora Y, González-Meneses A, Antiñolo G, Borrego S

Abstract
Monosomy 10p is a rare chromosomal disorder with a prevalence <1/1,000,000, in which a terminal or interstitial distal region of chromosome 10 is deleted resulting in a variable phenotype depending on the size of the deletion. Two main phenotypes have been defined depending on the location of the deletion: HDR syndrome (Hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural Deafness, and Renal disease), and DGS2 (DiGeorge syndrome type 2). The vast majority of cases reported so far have resulted from de novo events. Here, we present the first familial presentation of this contiguous gene deletion syndrome, affecting two family members in different generations: a child and his maternal uncle. In both cases, the deletion was due to a malsegregation of a maternal balanced rearrangement, ins(16;10)(q22;p13p15.2). The identification and characterization of this rearrangement was possible using a combination of different genetic analyses such as karyotype, MLPA, FISH, and array CGH. We underline the importance of the present results in terms of genetic and reproductive counseling for the carriers of the balanced rearrangement within the family, and demonstrate again the utility of expanding the genetic studies to the relatives of the affected patients.

PMID: 26762557 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Effects of chronic ankle instability on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running: A systematic review

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Gabriel Moisan, Martin Descarreaux, Vincent Cantin
The aim of this study is to systematically review and appraise studies assessing the effects of chronic ankle instability (CAI) on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running. The primary search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus. Only studies that compared participants with CAI with healthy participants and assessed kinetics, kinematics or muscle activity during walking or running were included. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using a modified version of the Quality Index checklist. A total of 509 articles were retrieved. After the title and abstract review, 34 articles underwent full-text review and risk of bias assessment. Following a complementary search and assessment of full manuscripts, 24 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria and methodological requirements, of which 8 articles investigated muscle activity, 14 kinematics and 7 kinetics. During walking, participants with CAI presented increased ankle and rearfoot inversion, ankle plantarflexion, lateral foot vertical forces and peroneus longus muscle activity. During running, kinematic differences were similar to those during walking, but few studies quantified kinetics and muscle activity to draw sound conclusions. This systematic review reports new information on the effects of CAI on gait parameters since the last published review, especially with regard to muscle activity, kinematic and kinetic parameters during running. Methodological quality of the studies assessing kinetics during walking was found to be poor. Future studies should use standardized selection criteria when assessing participants with CAI to increase the external validity of the results.



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Effects of chronic ankle instability on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running: A systematic review

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Gabriel Moisan, Martin Descarreaux, Vincent Cantin
The aim of this study is to systematically review and appraise studies assessing the effects of chronic ankle instability (CAI) on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running. The primary search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus. Only studies that compared participants with CAI with healthy participants and assessed kinetics, kinematics or muscle activity during walking or running were included. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using a modified version of the Quality Index checklist. A total of 509 articles were retrieved. After the title and abstract review, 34 articles underwent full-text review and risk of bias assessment. Following a complementary search and assessment of full manuscripts, 24 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria and methodological requirements, of which 8 articles investigated muscle activity, 14 kinematics and 7 kinetics. During walking, participants with CAI presented increased ankle and rearfoot inversion, ankle plantarflexion, lateral foot vertical forces and peroneus longus muscle activity. During running, kinematic differences were similar to those during walking, but few studies quantified kinetics and muscle activity to draw sound conclusions. This systematic review reports new information on the effects of CAI on gait parameters since the last published review, especially with regard to muscle activity, kinematic and kinetic parameters during running. Methodological quality of the studies assessing kinetics during walking was found to be poor. Future studies should use standardized selection criteria when assessing participants with CAI to increase the external validity of the results.



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Effects of chronic ankle instability on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running: A systematic review

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Gabriel Moisan, Martin Descarreaux, Vincent Cantin
The aim of this study is to systematically review and appraise studies assessing the effects of chronic ankle instability (CAI) on kinetics, kinematics and muscle activity during walking and running. The primary search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus. Only studies that compared participants with CAI with healthy participants and assessed kinetics, kinematics or muscle activity during walking or running were included. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using a modified version of the Quality Index checklist. A total of 509 articles were retrieved. After the title and abstract review, 34 articles underwent full-text review and risk of bias assessment. Following a complementary search and assessment of full manuscripts, 24 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria and methodological requirements, of which 8 articles investigated muscle activity, 14 kinematics and 7 kinetics. During walking, participants with CAI presented increased ankle and rearfoot inversion, ankle plantarflexion, lateral foot vertical forces and peroneus longus muscle activity. During running, kinematic differences were similar to those during walking, but few studies quantified kinetics and muscle activity to draw sound conclusions. This systematic review reports new information on the effects of CAI on gait parameters since the last published review, especially with regard to muscle activity, kinematic and kinetic parameters during running. Methodological quality of the studies assessing kinetics during walking was found to be poor. Future studies should use standardized selection criteria when assessing participants with CAI to increase the external validity of the results.



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Examining Effects of Physical Exertion on the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test in Collegiate Athletes

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Evaluation of a Wind Noise Attenuation Algorithm on Subjective Annoyance and Speech-in-Wind Performance

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The Effect of Conventional and Transparent Surgical Masks on Speech Understanding in Individuals with and without Hearing Loss

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Interrupted Monosyllabic Words: The Effects of Ten Interruption Locations on Recognition Performance by Older Listeners with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

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Auditory Processing Disorder as the Sole Manifestation of a Cerebellopontine and Internal Auditory Canal Lesion

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A Response to Dr. Jerger regarding “On Diagnostic Accuracy in Audiology: Central Site of Lesion and Central Auditory Processing Disorder Studies”

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JAAA CEU Program

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