Abstract
This article was updated to correct a formatting error in Table 1.
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Τετάρτη 3 Ιανουαρίου 2018
Correction to: Aminoglycoside Damage and Hair Cell Regeneration in the Chicken Utricle
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Neural Activity During Mental Rotation in Deaf Signers: The Influence of Long-Term Sign Language Experience
Objectives: Mental rotation is the brain’s visuospatial understanding of what objects are and where they belong. Previous research indicated that deaf signers showed behavioral enhancement for nonlinguistic visual tasks, including mental rotation. In this study, we investigated the neural difference of mental rotation processing between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Design: The participants performed a block-designed experiment, consisting of alternating blocks of comparison and rotation periods, separated by a baseline or fixation period. Mental rotation tasks were performed using three-dimensional figures. fMRI images were acquired during the entire experiment, and the fMRI data were analyzed with Analysis of Functional NeuroImages. A factorial design analysis of variance was designed for fMRI analyses. The differences of activation were analyzed for the main effects of group and task, as well as for the interaction of group by task. Results: The study showed differences in activated areas between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on the mental rotation of three-dimensional figures. Subtracting activations of fixation from activations of rotation, both groups showed consistent activation in bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, and bilateral posterior temporal lobe. There were different main effects of task (rotation versus comparison) with significant activation clusters in the bilateral precuneus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, the right interior frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, and the bilateral posterior cingulate. There were significant interaction effects of group by task in the bilateral anterior cingulate, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. In simple effects of deaf and hearing groups with rotation minus comparison, deaf signers mainly showed activity in the right hemisphere, while hearing nonsigners showed bilateral activity. In the simple effects of rotation task, decreased activities were shown for deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners throughout several regions, including the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate cortex, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Conclusion: Decreased activations in several brain regions of deaf signers when compared to hearing nonsigners reflected increased neural efficiency and a precise functional circuitry, which was generated through long-term experience with sign language processing. In addition, we inferred tentatively that there may be a lateralization pattern to the right hemisphere for deaf signers when performing mental rotation tasks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81373745, 81072905), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. 2016A020215181), the Medical Science and Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. A2015587), and the Shantou Medical Science and Technology Planning Project of China (Project no. Shantou Government Technology [2015] 123). The authors report no conflicts of interest. Address for correspondence: Shu-Hua Ma, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: shuhuama@qq.com Received December 8, 2016; accepted November 12, 2017. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Neural Activity During Mental Rotation in Deaf Signers: The Influence of Long-Term Sign Language Experience
Objectives: Mental rotation is the brain’s visuospatial understanding of what objects are and where they belong. Previous research indicated that deaf signers showed behavioral enhancement for nonlinguistic visual tasks, including mental rotation. In this study, we investigated the neural difference of mental rotation processing between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Design: The participants performed a block-designed experiment, consisting of alternating blocks of comparison and rotation periods, separated by a baseline or fixation period. Mental rotation tasks were performed using three-dimensional figures. fMRI images were acquired during the entire experiment, and the fMRI data were analyzed with Analysis of Functional NeuroImages. A factorial design analysis of variance was designed for fMRI analyses. The differences of activation were analyzed for the main effects of group and task, as well as for the interaction of group by task. Results: The study showed differences in activated areas between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on the mental rotation of three-dimensional figures. Subtracting activations of fixation from activations of rotation, both groups showed consistent activation in bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, and bilateral posterior temporal lobe. There were different main effects of task (rotation versus comparison) with significant activation clusters in the bilateral precuneus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, the right interior frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, and the bilateral posterior cingulate. There were significant interaction effects of group by task in the bilateral anterior cingulate, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. In simple effects of deaf and hearing groups with rotation minus comparison, deaf signers mainly showed activity in the right hemisphere, while hearing nonsigners showed bilateral activity. In the simple effects of rotation task, decreased activities were shown for deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners throughout several regions, including the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate cortex, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Conclusion: Decreased activations in several brain regions of deaf signers when compared to hearing nonsigners reflected increased neural efficiency and a precise functional circuitry, which was generated through long-term experience with sign language processing. In addition, we inferred tentatively that there may be a lateralization pattern to the right hemisphere for deaf signers when performing mental rotation tasks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81373745, 81072905), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. 2016A020215181), the Medical Science and Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. A2015587), and the Shantou Medical Science and Technology Planning Project of China (Project no. Shantou Government Technology [2015] 123). The authors report no conflicts of interest. Address for correspondence: Shu-Hua Ma, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: shuhuama@qq.com Received December 8, 2016; accepted November 12, 2017. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Neural Activity During Mental Rotation in Deaf Signers: The Influence of Long-Term Sign Language Experience
Objectives: Mental rotation is the brain’s visuospatial understanding of what objects are and where they belong. Previous research indicated that deaf signers showed behavioral enhancement for nonlinguistic visual tasks, including mental rotation. In this study, we investigated the neural difference of mental rotation processing between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Design: The participants performed a block-designed experiment, consisting of alternating blocks of comparison and rotation periods, separated by a baseline or fixation period. Mental rotation tasks were performed using three-dimensional figures. fMRI images were acquired during the entire experiment, and the fMRI data were analyzed with Analysis of Functional NeuroImages. A factorial design analysis of variance was designed for fMRI analyses. The differences of activation were analyzed for the main effects of group and task, as well as for the interaction of group by task. Results: The study showed differences in activated areas between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on the mental rotation of three-dimensional figures. Subtracting activations of fixation from activations of rotation, both groups showed consistent activation in bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, and bilateral posterior temporal lobe. There were different main effects of task (rotation versus comparison) with significant activation clusters in the bilateral precuneus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, the right interior frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, and the bilateral posterior cingulate. There were significant interaction effects of group by task in the bilateral anterior cingulate, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. In simple effects of deaf and hearing groups with rotation minus comparison, deaf signers mainly showed activity in the right hemisphere, while hearing nonsigners showed bilateral activity. In the simple effects of rotation task, decreased activities were shown for deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners throughout several regions, including the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate cortex, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Conclusion: Decreased activations in several brain regions of deaf signers when compared to hearing nonsigners reflected increased neural efficiency and a precise functional circuitry, which was generated through long-term experience with sign language processing. In addition, we inferred tentatively that there may be a lateralization pattern to the right hemisphere for deaf signers when performing mental rotation tasks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81373745, 81072905), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. 2016A020215181), the Medical Science and Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. A2015587), and the Shantou Medical Science and Technology Planning Project of China (Project no. Shantou Government Technology [2015] 123). The authors report no conflicts of interest. Address for correspondence: Shu-Hua Ma, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, China. E-mail: shuhuama@qq.com Received December 8, 2016; accepted November 12, 2017. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Reliability and validity of the Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance: A systematic review
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Walking measures to evaluate assistive technology for foot drop in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of psychometric properties
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Georgia Andreopoulou, Thomas H. Mercer, Marietta L. van der Linden
BackgroundFoot drop in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) often managed with assistive technologies, such as functional electrical stimulation and ankle foot orthoses. No evidence synthesis exists for the psychometric properties of outcomes used to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions.ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to identify the outcome measures reported to assess the benefits of assistive technology for pwMS and then synthesize the psychometric evidence in pwMS for a subset of these measures.MethodsTwo searches in eight databases were conducted up to May 2017. Methodological quality was rated using the COSMIN guidelines. Overall level of evidence was scored according to the Cochrane criteria.ResultsThe first search identified 27 measures, with the 10 m walk test, gait kinematics and Physiological Cost Index (PCI) most frequently used. The second search resulted in 41 studies evaluating 10 measures related to walking performance. Strong levels of evidence were found for the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and for the construct validity for Timed 25 Foot Walk. No psychometric studies were identified for gait kinematics and PCI in pwMS. There was a lack of evidence for measurement error and responsiveness.ConclusionAlthough a strong level of evidence exists for some measures included in this review, there was an absence of psychometric studies on commonly used measures such as gait kinematics. Future psychometric studies should evaluate a wider range of walking related measures used to assess the efficacy of interventions to treat foot drop in pwMS.
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Effect of foot progression angle adjustment on the knee adduction moment and knee joint contact force in runners with and without knee osteoarthritis
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Reactive balance control in older adults with diabetes
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Pei-Yun Lee, Yi-Ju Tsai, Yu-Ting Liao, Yi-Ching Yang, Fen-Hwa Lu, Sang-I Lin
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem for older adults worldwide and could be associated with impaired ability to recover balance after postural disturbances. This study compared reactive balance control in three groups of adults, young (YA), healthy non-diabetes older (nonDM-OA) and diabetes older (DM-OA). Twenty participants in each group completed a series of vision, plantar cutaneous sensitivity, grip power and lower limb strength tests. In the reactive balance test, participants stood on a force platform and used the dominant hand to pull the handle of a cord that could be suddenly released to create an imbalancing force. The anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) motion of the center of pressure (COP) immediately after the sudden release was calculated to represent the level of imbalance experienced by the participants. Regression analysis entering big toe plantar sensitivity and grip power as independent variable was conducted for COP range for the three groups separately. The results showed that, except for the knee extensor, DM-OA had significantly poorer muscle strength and plantar sensitivity, and greater COP ML motion than YA and nonDM-OA. DM-OA also had significantly greater COP AP motion than YA. Grip power alone and together with plantar sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance in the AP and ML COP motion respectively (r2 = 0.334 and 0.582, respectively) for DM-OA. These findings indicated that diabetes in older adults was associated with declines in reactive balance control, and these changes may be related to muscle weakness and plantar insensitivity.
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Reliability and validity of the Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance: A systematic review
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Walking measures to evaluate assistive technology for foot drop in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of psychometric properties
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Georgia Andreopoulou, Thomas H. Mercer, Marietta L. van der Linden
BackgroundFoot drop in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) often managed with assistive technologies, such as functional electrical stimulation and ankle foot orthoses. No evidence synthesis exists for the psychometric properties of outcomes used to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions.ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to identify the outcome measures reported to assess the benefits of assistive technology for pwMS and then synthesize the psychometric evidence in pwMS for a subset of these measures.MethodsTwo searches in eight databases were conducted up to May 2017. Methodological quality was rated using the COSMIN guidelines. Overall level of evidence was scored according to the Cochrane criteria.ResultsThe first search identified 27 measures, with the 10 m walk test, gait kinematics and Physiological Cost Index (PCI) most frequently used. The second search resulted in 41 studies evaluating 10 measures related to walking performance. Strong levels of evidence were found for the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and for the construct validity for Timed 25 Foot Walk. No psychometric studies were identified for gait kinematics and PCI in pwMS. There was a lack of evidence for measurement error and responsiveness.ConclusionAlthough a strong level of evidence exists for some measures included in this review, there was an absence of psychometric studies on commonly used measures such as gait kinematics. Future psychometric studies should evaluate a wider range of walking related measures used to assess the efficacy of interventions to treat foot drop in pwMS.
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Effect of foot progression angle adjustment on the knee adduction moment and knee joint contact force in runners with and without knee osteoarthritis
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Reactive balance control in older adults with diabetes
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Pei-Yun Lee, Yi-Ju Tsai, Yu-Ting Liao, Yi-Ching Yang, Fen-Hwa Lu, Sang-I Lin
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem for older adults worldwide and could be associated with impaired ability to recover balance after postural disturbances. This study compared reactive balance control in three groups of adults, young (YA), healthy non-diabetes older (nonDM-OA) and diabetes older (DM-OA). Twenty participants in each group completed a series of vision, plantar cutaneous sensitivity, grip power and lower limb strength tests. In the reactive balance test, participants stood on a force platform and used the dominant hand to pull the handle of a cord that could be suddenly released to create an imbalancing force. The anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) motion of the center of pressure (COP) immediately after the sudden release was calculated to represent the level of imbalance experienced by the participants. Regression analysis entering big toe plantar sensitivity and grip power as independent variable was conducted for COP range for the three groups separately. The results showed that, except for the knee extensor, DM-OA had significantly poorer muscle strength and plantar sensitivity, and greater COP ML motion than YA and nonDM-OA. DM-OA also had significantly greater COP AP motion than YA. Grip power alone and together with plantar sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance in the AP and ML COP motion respectively (r2 = 0.334 and 0.582, respectively) for DM-OA. These findings indicated that diabetes in older adults was associated with declines in reactive balance control, and these changes may be related to muscle weakness and plantar insensitivity.
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Reliability and validity of the Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance: A systematic review
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Ross A. Clark, Benjamin F. Mentiplay, Yong-Hao Pua, Kelly J. Bower
The use of force platform technologies to assess standing balance is common across a range of clinical areas. Numerous researchers have evaluated the low-cost Wii Balance Board (WBB) for its utility in assessing balance, with variable findings. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the WBB for assessment of static standing balance. Articles were retrieved from six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Inspec) from 2007 to 2017. After independent screening by two reviewers, 25 articles were included. Two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. Test-retest reliability was investigated in 12 studies, with intraclass correlation coefficients or Pearson’s correlation values showing a range from poor to excellent reliability (range: 0.27 to 0.99). Concurrent validity (i.e. comparison with another force platform) was examined in 21 studies, and was generally found to be excellent in studies examining the association between the same outcome measures collected on both devices. For studies reporting predominantly poor to moderate validity, potentially influential factors included the choice of 1) criterion reference (e.g. not a common force platform), 2) test duration (e.g. <30 s for double leg), 3) outcome measure (e.g. comparing a centre of pressure variable from the WBB with a summary score from the force platform), 4) data acquisition platform (studies using Apple iOS reported predominantly moderate validity), and 5) low sample size. In conclusion, evidence suggests that the WBB can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing standing balance.Protocol registration number: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017058122.
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Walking measures to evaluate assistive technology for foot drop in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of psychometric properties
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Georgia Andreopoulou, Thomas H. Mercer, Marietta L. van der Linden
BackgroundFoot drop in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) often managed with assistive technologies, such as functional electrical stimulation and ankle foot orthoses. No evidence synthesis exists for the psychometric properties of outcomes used to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions.ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to identify the outcome measures reported to assess the benefits of assistive technology for pwMS and then synthesize the psychometric evidence in pwMS for a subset of these measures.MethodsTwo searches in eight databases were conducted up to May 2017. Methodological quality was rated using the COSMIN guidelines. Overall level of evidence was scored according to the Cochrane criteria.ResultsThe first search identified 27 measures, with the 10 m walk test, gait kinematics and Physiological Cost Index (PCI) most frequently used. The second search resulted in 41 studies evaluating 10 measures related to walking performance. Strong levels of evidence were found for the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and for the construct validity for Timed 25 Foot Walk. No psychometric studies were identified for gait kinematics and PCI in pwMS. There was a lack of evidence for measurement error and responsiveness.ConclusionAlthough a strong level of evidence exists for some measures included in this review, there was an absence of psychometric studies on commonly used measures such as gait kinematics. Future psychometric studies should evaluate a wider range of walking related measures used to assess the efficacy of interventions to treat foot drop in pwMS.
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Effect of foot progression angle adjustment on the knee adduction moment and knee joint contact force in runners with and without knee osteoarthritis
Publication date: March 2018
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): I.C.D. Fong, W.S.C. Li, W.K.J. Tai, T.W.R. Tsang, J.H. Zhang, T.L.W. Chen, H. Baur, P. Eichelberger, R.T.H. Cheung
BackgroundKnee adduction moment (KAM) is often used as a surrogate marker of knee contact force (KCF) during walking. Previous studies have reported potential benefits to reduce KAM in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by foot progression angle adjustment. However, KAM is an external moment and it does not consider any muscle contribution to the joint loading, which should pose a greater influence in running than walking.Research questionThis study used a computational model to compare KAM and KCF between runners with and without knee OA during running. In addition, we evaluated the KAM and KCF when runners adjusted to an out-toe running style.MethodsKinematic, kinetic, and lower limb EMG data were collected from 9 runners with knee OA and 10 healthy counterparts. They were asked to run at their usual speed with standard shoes on an instrumented treadmill.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the KAM during running between OA and the healthy group (p > 0.376). However, runners with knee OA exhibited a greater total KCF than the healthy counterparts (p < 0.041). We did not observe any reduction in KAM after foot progression angle adjustment (p > 0.346). Surprisingly, an increase in the longitudinal KCF and total KCF were found with adjustment of foot progression angle (p < 0.046).SignificanceUnlike the findings reported by the previous walking trials, our findings do not support the notion that foot progression angle adjustment would lead to a lower joint loading during running.
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Reactive balance control in older adults with diabetes
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 61
Author(s): Pei-Yun Lee, Yi-Ju Tsai, Yu-Ting Liao, Yi-Ching Yang, Fen-Hwa Lu, Sang-I Lin
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem for older adults worldwide and could be associated with impaired ability to recover balance after postural disturbances. This study compared reactive balance control in three groups of adults, young (YA), healthy non-diabetes older (nonDM-OA) and diabetes older (DM-OA). Twenty participants in each group completed a series of vision, plantar cutaneous sensitivity, grip power and lower limb strength tests. In the reactive balance test, participants stood on a force platform and used the dominant hand to pull the handle of a cord that could be suddenly released to create an imbalancing force. The anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) motion of the center of pressure (COP) immediately after the sudden release was calculated to represent the level of imbalance experienced by the participants. Regression analysis entering big toe plantar sensitivity and grip power as independent variable was conducted for COP range for the three groups separately. The results showed that, except for the knee extensor, DM-OA had significantly poorer muscle strength and plantar sensitivity, and greater COP ML motion than YA and nonDM-OA. DM-OA also had significantly greater COP AP motion than YA. Grip power alone and together with plantar sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance in the AP and ML COP motion respectively (r2 = 0.334 and 0.582, respectively) for DM-OA. These findings indicated that diabetes in older adults was associated with declines in reactive balance control, and these changes may be related to muscle weakness and plantar insensitivity.
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Diagnostic outcomes of exome sequencing in patients with syndromic or non-syndromic hearing loss.
| Related Articles |
Diagnostic outcomes of exome sequencing in patients with syndromic or non-syndromic hearing loss.
PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0188578
Authors: Likar T, Hasanhodžić M, Teran N, Maver A, Peterlin B, Writzl K
Abstract
Hereditary hearing loss (HL) is a common sensory disorder, with an incidence of 1-2 per 1000 newborns, and has a genetic etiology in over 50% of cases. It occurs either as part of a syndrome or in isolation and is genetically very heterogeneous which poses a challenge for clinical and molecular diagnosis. We used exome sequencing to seek a genetic cause in a group of 56 subjects (49 probands) with HL: 32 with non-syndromic non-GJB2 HL and 17 with syndromic HL. Following clinical examination and clinical exome sequencing, an etiological diagnosis was established in 15 probands (15/49; 30%); eight (8/17;47%) from the syndromic group and seven (7/32; 21%) from the non-syndromic non-GJB2 subgroup. Fourteen different (half of them novel) non-GJB2 variants causing HL were found in 10 genes (CHD7, HDAC8, MITF, NEFL, OTOF, SF3B4, SLC26A4, TECTA, TMPRSS3, USH2A) among 13 probands, confirming the genetic heterogeneity of hereditary HL. Different genetic causes for HL were found in a single family while three probands with apparent syndromic HL were found to have HL as a separate clinical feature, distinct from the complex phenotype. Clinical exome sequencing proved to be an effective tool used to comprehensively address the genetic heterogeneity of HL, to detect clinically unrecognized HL syndromes, and to decipher complex phenotypes in which HL is a separate feature and not part of a syndrome.
PMID: 29293505 [PubMed - in process]
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Effect of Cochlear Implantation on Quality of Life in Adults with Unilateral Hearing Loss
Objective: Patients with moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss in 1 ear and normal hearing in the contralateral ear, known as unilateral hearing loss (UHL) or single-sided deafness (SSD), may experience improved quality of life with the use of a cochlear implant (CI) in the affected ear. Quality of life assessment before and after implantation may reveal changes to aspects of hearing beyond those explicitly evaluated with behavioral measures. Methods: The present report completed 2 experiments investigating quality of life outcomes in CI recipients with UHL. The first experiment assessed quality of life during the 1st year of device use with 3 questionnaires: the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ), the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Twenty subjects were evaluated preoperatively and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-activation. Quality of life results were compared over the study period using traditional scoring methods and the SSQ pragmatic subscales. Subscales specific to localization and speech perception in noise were compared to behavioral measures at the preoperative and 12-month intervals. The 2nd experiment evaluated quality of life preoperatively and at the 12-month interval for CI recipients with UHL and CI recipients with bilateral hearing loss, including conventional CI users and those listening with electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS). The 3 cohorts differed in CI candidacy criteria, including the amount of residual hearing in the contralateral ear. Results: For subjects with moderate-to-profound UHL, receipt of a CI significantly improved quality of life, with benefits noted as early as 1 month after initial activation. The UHL cohort reported less perceived difficulty at the pre- and postoperative intervals than the conventional CI and EAS cohorts, which may be due to the presence of the normal-hearing ear. Each group experienced a significant benefit in quality of life on the APHAB with CI use. Conclusions: Cochlear implantation in cases of substantial UHL may offer significant improvements in quality of life. Quality of life measures revealed a reduction in perceived tinnitus severity and subjective improvements in speech perception in noise, spatial hearing, and listening effort. While self-report of difficulties were lower for the UHL cohort than the conventional CI and EAS cohorts, subjects in all 3 groups reported an improvement in quality of life with CI use.
Audiol Neurotol 2017;22:259-271
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Audiol Neurotol 2017;22:259-271
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