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Τρίτη 24 Οκτωβρίου 2017
Stress and Unusual Events Exacerbate Symptoms in Meniere's Disease: A Longitudinal Study.
Hypothesis: Stress and unusual events are associated with a higher likelihood of attacks and increased symptom severity in Meniere's disease (MD). Background: MD is an unpredictable condition which severely impacts the quality of life of those affected. It is thought that unusual activity and stress may act as an attack trigger in MD, but research in this area has been limited to date. Methods: This was a longitudinal study conducted over two phases. A mobile phone application was used to collect daily data on Meniere's attacks and individual symptoms (aural fullness, dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus), as well as prevalence of unusual events (phase I), and stress levels (phase II). There were 1,031 participants (730 women, mean age 46.0 yr) in phase I and 695 participants (484 women, mean age 47.7 yr) in phase II. Panel data regression analyses were employed to examine for associations between unusual events/stress and attacks/symptoms, including the study of 24 hours lead and lag effects. Results: Unusual events and higher stress levels were associated with higher odds of Meniere's attacks and more severe symptoms. The odds of experiencing an attack were 2.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37, 3.65) with reporting of unusual events and increased by 1.24 (95% CI 1.20, 1.28) per unit increase in stress level. Twenty-four hour lead (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.07, 1.14]) and lag (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.06, 1.13]) effects on attacks were also found with increases in stress. Conclusion: This study provides the strongest evidence to date that stress and unusual events are associated with attacks and symptom exacerbation in MD. Improving our understanding of stress and unusual events as triggers in Meniere's may reduce the uncertainty associated with this condition and lead to improved quality of life for affected individuals. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Preventing Facial Nerve Stimulation by Triphasic Pulse Stimulation in Cochlear Implant Users: Intraoperative Recordings.
Hypothesis: Triphasic pulse stimulation of the auditory nerve can prevent unintended facial nerve stimulation (FNS) due to a different electromyographic (EMG) input-output function compared with biphasic pulses. Background: FNS is sometimes observed in cochlear implant (CI) users as an unpleasant side effect of electrical stimulation using biphasic pulse patterns (BPP). Clinical remedies to alleviate FNS are 1) to extend stimulus phase duration or 2) to completely deactivate the electrode. In some cases, these options do not provide sufficient FNS reduction or are detrimental to subject performance. Stimulation using triphasic pulse patterns (TPP) has been shown to prevent FNS more effectively, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods: EMG potentials of muscles innervated by the facial nerve (orbicularis oculi and oris muscles) were recorded to quantitatively compare the effect of BPP and TPP stimulation on FNS. Recordings were conducted in five subjects during CI surgery. In two exemplary cases, different leading phase polarities in alternating and non-alternating order were tested. Results: Compared with our previous study in awake patients using surface electrodes (Bahmer and Baumann, 2016), intraoperative recordings using subdermal electrodes showed lower noise content and allowed higher sampling resolution. While inter-subject variation remained high, intra-subject results for different electrode positions were comparable: FNS was strongly reduced for cathodic-first TPP stimulation. In contrast, exemplary cases showed little reduction for anodic-first TPP as well as for alternating stimulation. Conclusion: FNS in CI users can be reduced using TPP stimulation, but the ameliorative effect appears to be dependent on the leading stimulus polarity. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Resolution of Persistent Post-Stapedotomy Vertigo With Migraine Prophylactic Medication.
Objective: To describe persistent post-stapedotomy vertigo (PSV) and its treatment using migraine prophylaxis. Patients: A retrospective review of all patients with persistent PSV spanning 10 years at a tertiary academic hospital was performed. Patients who experienced persistent vertigo for a minimum of 3 months after surgery were included. Those with possible perilymph fistula, long prosthesis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were excluded. Interventions: All patients received instructions on migraine dietary and lifestyle changes and Vitamin B2 and magnesium. In addition, prophylactic treatment with nortriptyline, verapamil, or a combination thereof was started. Main Outcome Measure: Changes in vertigo frequency was the main outcome variable. The secondary outcome variables included the time period and medications necessary to achieve symptomatic resolution. Results: Four women and one man with an average age of 53 years were identified that met criteria for persistent PSV indicating an incidence of 0.9% at our institution. The onset of vertigo symptoms was on average 20 days postoperatively. All five patients had daily vertigo episodes and experienced complete resolution with no vertigo episodes after treatment. Symptomatic resolution was achieved over an average of 9 weeks after initiating treatments. Conclusions: Persistent PSV beyond 3 months is a rare occurrence and its treatment can be challenging when there is no evidence of an underlying pathology. This subset of patients may be suffering from migraine, which was triggered postoperatively. Treatment with migraine prophylaxis in this cohort of patients may result in resolution of vertigo. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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High Incidence of Bell's Palsy After Mastoidectomy: a Longitudinal Follow-up Study.
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of Bell's palsy in participants who underwent mastoidectomy (to treat chronic otitis media) and nonmastoidectomy participants (control). Methods: Using the national cohort study from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, mastoidectomy patients (2,045) and control participants (8,180) were matched 1:4 for age, sex, income, and region of residence. The prevalence of Bell's palsy in both the groups was measured from 0 to 10 years postoperation. Results: In a sample of 1,025,340 Korean individuals, 7,070 were diagnosed or treated with Bell's palsy between 2002 and 2013; the annual incidence of Bell's palsy was 0.057%. The overall prevalence of Bell's palsy was three times higher in the mastoidectomy group (1.27%) than control group (0.49%) (p
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Do Measurements of Inner Ear Structures Help in the Diagnosis of Inner Ear Malformations? A Review of Literature.
Objective: We conducted an extensive review of the literature relevant to inner ear measurements in normal and malformative conditions to select reproducible methods and normative ranges that may be used in clinical practice. Data Sources and Study Selection: A review of the published literature was performed in the English language using PubMed with appropriate keywords. We selected only those articles containing normative values of inner ear structures. Data Extraction and Data Synthesis: The following measurements were identified as reproducible and sensitive for the diagnosis of inner malformations: cochlear height in coronal plane; maximal diameter of bony island of lateral semicircular canal; width of vestibular aqueduct: 1) at midpoint; 2) at operculum in axial plane; cochlear canal and cochlear width in multiplanar reconstructions (MPR)/axial; cochlear length. The following cutoffs for normal inner ears are proposed based on the comparative analysis of the literature: cochlea height: >4.3 mm; lateral semicircular canal bony island: >3 mm; vestibular aqueduct: 1.4 mm and 5.4 mm. Conclusion: Measurements of inner ear structures can help in the interpretation of computed tomography images. They increase the sensitivity in detecting inner ear malformations, especially cochlear hypoplasia now considered more common than previously thought. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Cochlear Implantation in Cochlear Ossification: Retrospective Review of Etiologies, Surgical Considerations, and Auditory Outcomes.
Objectives: 1) To review the surgical and auditory outcomes and complications of cochlear implantation in cases with cochlear ossification. 2) To evaluate association between the extent and etiology of ossification to outcomes. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Otology and skull base surgery center. Subjects and Methods: Charts of 40 patients (42 ears) with cochlear ossification undergoing cochlear implantation were reviewed. Demographic features, operative findings, auditory outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Operative findings included extent of cochlear ossification, extent of drilling required to obtain patent cochlear lumen, approach (posterior tympanotomy/subtotal petrosectomy), electrode insertion (partial/complete, scala tympani/vestibuli), and complications. Auditory outcomes were assessed over a 4-year follow-up period using vowel, word, sentence, and comprehension scores. Patients were divided into groups (otosclerotic/non-otosclerotic and round window/basal turn ossification) for comparison of auditory outcomes. Outcomes were compared with 60 randomly identified controls (adults with postlingual deafness) who underwent implantation with no cochlear ossification. Results: The median age and duration of deafness of patients was 54.39 and 27.15 years, respectively. Etiology of cochlear ossification was otosclerosis in 23 of 42 ears and mixed in 19 of 42 ears (chronic otitis media, temporal bone fractures, idiopathic, meningitis, Cogan's syndrome) with exclusive round window involvement in 54.7% of cases and the rest having partial or complete basal turn ossification. 59.5% ears underwent subtotal petrosectomy for implantation. Three patients underwent scala vestibuli insertion and five had incomplete electrode insertion. Auditory outcomes were comparable in otosclerotic and non-otosclerotic cases and in round window and basal turn ossification cases. No significant differences were observed in auditory scores when compared with controls with no ossification. Conclusions: Cochlear implantation in cochlear ossification is feasible despite surgical challenges and modifications. Auditory outcomes in basal turn ossification appear to be comparable to cases with no ossification with extent of ossification having no significant association with outcomes. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Cochlear Implant Associated Labyrinthitis: A Previously Unrecognized Phenomenon With a Distinct Clinical and Electrophysiological Impedance Pattern.
Objectives: To report a unique clinical entity "cochlear implant associated labyrinthitis," characterized by a distinct constellation of clinical symptoms and pattern of electrode impedance fluctuations. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: All patients that underwent cochlear implantation between January 2014 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All subjects with acute onset dizziness, device performance decline, and characteristic erratic pattern of electrode impedances occurring after an asymptotic postoperative interval were identified and reported. Results: Five patients with the above criteria were identified, representing 1.4% of all implant surgeries performed during this time. The median age at time of implantation was 71 years, and the median time interval between implantation and onset of symptoms was 126 days. All patients exhibited acute onset dizziness, subjective performance deterioration, erratic impedance pattern, and two experienced worsening tinnitus. Two of five patients underwent subsequent CT imaging, where good electrode placement was confirmed without cochlear ossification. Two of five patients received oral prednisone therapy. All patients reported a subjective improvement in symptoms and stabilization of electrode impedances. Three patients subsequently received vestibular testing, where significantly reduced peripheral vestibular function was identified. Conclusions: We describe a unique clinical entity, "cochlear implant associated labyrinthitis," characterized by a distinct constellation of clinical symptoms and corresponding electrode impedance anomalies. The exact cause for this event remains unknown, but may be related to viral illness, delayed foreign body reaction to the electrode, or a reaction to electrical stimulation. Future studies characterizing this unique clinical entity are needed to further elucidate cause and optimal management. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Changes in Serum Prestin Concentration After Exposure to Cisplatin.
Hypothesis: There are temporal changes in the outer-hair-cell-specific protein, prestin, in the blood after administration of low-dose cisplatin. Methods: Two rodent models of ototoxicity were used. After control and baseline data collection, mice (n = 30) and guinea pigs (n = 10), respectively, were treated with cisplatin at 8 mg/kg. Auditory brainstem responses were recorded on Days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after treatment. Five mice were sacrificed at each time point and serum samples were obtained. A group of 10 guinea pigs were tested and serum samples were collected at each time point. Serum prestin concentrations were measured using separate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for each species. Results: Auditory brainstem responses thresholds changed relatively little in mice, but gradually increased in guinea pigs, as a function of time after cisplatin exposure. In contrast, serum prestin concentrations rose, reaching a peak on Days 3 and 7 after cisplatin treatment in mouse and guinea pig, respectively, before declining back to or below baseline/control levels 14 days after treatment. Conclusion: There was a time-dependent pattern of change in serum prestin after exposure to low-dose cisplatin in a resistant (mouse) and sensitive (guinea pig) rodent models. These comparative results suggest prestin may serve as a biomarker for cisplatin ototoxicity. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Morphological Characteristics of Osseous External Auditory Canal and Its Relationship With External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma in Patients With Congenital Aural Stenosis.
Objective: To investigate the characteristics of stenotic external auditory canal (EAC) (e.g., shape, length, orientation, and curvature) and to compare them with those of the cholesteatoma and no cholesteatoma groups, which may help to explain cholesteatoma formation to a certain degree. Methods: Computed tomography scans of two groups of patients (with and without EAC cholesteatoma) were analyzed. We determined the degree of microtia, the stenosis of EAC, radius and curvature of osseous EAC bending (abbreviated as OEB-r and OEB-c, respectively), and other anatomic parameters of EAC by using Mimics and Matlab. Results: There was no significant difference in the degree of microtia between the cholesteatoma and no cholesteatoma groups using the Marx grading system. Additionally, no significant difference was found in the stenosis of EAC between the two groups. The OEB-r was smaller in the cholesteatoma group (4.62 +/- 0.62 mm) than in the no cholesteatoma group (7.41 +/- 0.50 mm), and the OEB-c was found to be larger in the cholesteatoma group (1.55 +/- 0.05 x 10 mm-1) than in the no cholesteatoma group (1.10 +/- 0.10 x 10 mm-1). Moreover, the OEB-c (OR, 8.60; 95% CI, 2.67-27.75) was associated with EAC cholesteatoma formation. Conclusion: The curvature of osseous EAC in the cholesteatoma group was significantly larger than that in the no cholesteatoma group. It is suggested that the curvature of osseous EAC was a risk factor for EAC cholesteatoma formation. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Tongue- and Jaw-Specific Contributions to Acoustic Vowel Contrast Changes in the Diphthong /ai/ in Response to Slow, Loud, and Clear Speech
Purpose
This study sought to determine decoupled tongue and jaw displacement changes and their specific contributions to acoustic vowel contrast changes during slow, loud, and clear speech.
Method
Twenty typical talkers repeated “see a kite again” 5 times in 4 speech conditions (typical, slow, loud, clear). Speech kinematics were recorded using 3-dimensional electromagnetic articulography. Tongue composite displacement, decoupled tongue displacement, and jaw displacement during /ai/, as well as the distance between /a/ and /i/ in the F1–F2 vowel space, were examined during the diphthong /ai/ in “kite.”
Results
Displacements significantly increased during all 3 speech modifications. However, jaw displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud and slow speech, whereas decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during slow speech than during clear and loud speech. In addition, decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud speech. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast tended to be larger during slow speech than during clear speech and were predominantly tongue-driven, whereas those during clear speech were fairly equally accounted for by changes in decoupled tongue and jaw displacements. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast during loud speech were smallest and were predominantly tongue-driven, particularly in men.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw displacement change and task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw contributions to vowel acoustic change across these speech modifications. Clinical implications are discussed.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0114/2660093/Tongue-and-JawSpecific-Contributions-to-Acoustic
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Tongue- and Jaw-Specific Contributions to Acoustic Vowel Contrast Changes in the Diphthong /ai/ in Response to Slow, Loud, and Clear Speech
Purpose
This study sought to determine decoupled tongue and jaw displacement changes and their specific contributions to acoustic vowel contrast changes during slow, loud, and clear speech.
Method
Twenty typical talkers repeated “see a kite again” 5 times in 4 speech conditions (typical, slow, loud, clear). Speech kinematics were recorded using 3-dimensional electromagnetic articulography. Tongue composite displacement, decoupled tongue displacement, and jaw displacement during /ai/, as well as the distance between /a/ and /i/ in the F1–F2 vowel space, were examined during the diphthong /ai/ in “kite.”
Results
Displacements significantly increased during all 3 speech modifications. However, jaw displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud and slow speech, whereas decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during slow speech than during clear and loud speech. In addition, decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud speech. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast tended to be larger during slow speech than during clear speech and were predominantly tongue-driven, whereas those during clear speech were fairly equally accounted for by changes in decoupled tongue and jaw displacements. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast during loud speech were smallest and were predominantly tongue-driven, particularly in men.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw displacement change and task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw contributions to vowel acoustic change across these speech modifications. Clinical implications are discussed.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0114/2660093/Tongue-and-JawSpecific-Contributions-to-Acoustic
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Tongue- and Jaw-Specific Contributions to Acoustic Vowel Contrast Changes in the Diphthong /ai/ in Response to Slow, Loud, and Clear Speech
Purpose
This study sought to determine decoupled tongue and jaw displacement changes and their specific contributions to acoustic vowel contrast changes during slow, loud, and clear speech.
Method
Twenty typical talkers repeated “see a kite again” 5 times in 4 speech conditions (typical, slow, loud, clear). Speech kinematics were recorded using 3-dimensional electromagnetic articulography. Tongue composite displacement, decoupled tongue displacement, and jaw displacement during /ai/, as well as the distance between /a/ and /i/ in the F1–F2 vowel space, were examined during the diphthong /ai/ in “kite.”
Results
Displacements significantly increased during all 3 speech modifications. However, jaw displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud and slow speech, whereas decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during slow speech than during clear and loud speech. In addition, decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud speech. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast tended to be larger during slow speech than during clear speech and were predominantly tongue-driven, whereas those during clear speech were fairly equally accounted for by changes in decoupled tongue and jaw displacements. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast during loud speech were smallest and were predominantly tongue-driven, particularly in men.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw displacement change and task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw contributions to vowel acoustic change across these speech modifications. Clinical implications are discussed.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-17-0114/2660093/Tongue-and-JawSpecific-Contributions-to-Acoustic
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Is the Voice of Professional Voice Users With no Vocal Cord Lesions Similar to That of Non Professional Voice Users?
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Chandala Chitguppi, Anoop Raj, Ravi Meher, P.K. Rathore
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to analyze if the voice of professional voice users (PVU) is comparable with that of a nonprofessional voice users (NPVUs), both of whom have no obvious vocal cord lesions.Materials and MethodsFifty professional and 50 NPVUs with no obvious vocal fold pathologies underwent voice analysis and videostroboscopic study, and various parameters were analyzed.ResultsMajority of the participants were found to be less than 40 years. Teachers formed the largest group (40%) of PVUs. PVUs had a significantly higher incidence of voice-related complaints compared with NPVUs. The former group also showed a higher deviation from the normative data. A significant influence of gender and the duration of work experience was also observed among PVUs.ConclusionsThe voice of an apparently normal PVU is not similar to that of an apparently normal NPVU. Female PVUs and PVUs with a longer duration of work experience show the highest deviation from normative data.
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Laryngocardiac Reflex: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Christian S. Pingree, Jacob S. Majors, Nelson S. Howard, Robert L. Eller
IntroductionThe vagus nerve has sensory and motor function in the larynx, as well as parasympathetic function in the thorax and abdomen. Stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve can cause reflexive bradycardia.CaseWe describe a case of a 45-year-old man with pre-syncopal symptoms while exercising, and bradycardia found during cardiology workup. Radiography and flexible laryngoscopy showed evidence of a right-sided, vascular laryngeal mass. Exercise testing before and after superior laryngeal nerve block showed reversal of the symptoms with the block. Subsequent resection of the lymphovascular malformation with CO2 laser eliminated the patient's symptoms.DiscussionThis is the first case reported of the laryngocardiac reflex producing symptomatic bradycardia as a result of exercise-induced engorgement of a supraglottic lymphovascular malformation, which was then cured by surgical excision. We discuss this case and the literature regarding lymphovascular malformations in the airway and the neural pathways of the laryngocardiac reflex.
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The risk ratio for development of hereditary sensorineural hearing loss in consanguineous marriage offspring.
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The risk ratio for development of hereditary sensorineural hearing loss in consanguineous marriage offspring.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Oct;101:7-10
Authors: Sanyelbhaa H, Kabel A, Abo El-Naga HAE, Sanyelbhaa A, Salem H
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to define the relative risk of development of hearing loss in offspring of consanguineous marriages.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study conducted in a tertiary referral center in Jeddah, KSA. The study group included 1600 probands (848 males, 752 females), with age range 0.5-12 years (6.6 ± 3.6). The study group comprised of two equal, age and sex matched subgroups; Hearing Loss (HL) group and Normal Hearing (NH) group. The children included in the HL group should have idiopathic or non syndromic genetic sensorineural hearing loss.
RESULTS: The HL Group comprised 800 children with variable degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. Profound and severe degrees of hearing loss were the most prevalent degrees (P <0.05%). The prevalence of consanguineous marriage offspring in the NH group was 42.5%, while in the HL group it was 68.9% (P < 0.05). The differences between both study subgroups regarding the distribution of different degrees of parental consanguinity (first, second, double first, and first once removed cousins) were insignificant (P > 0.05). The relative risk and 95% confidence interval (RR, 95% CI) for development of hearing loss in offspring of consanguineous marriage was 1.76 (95% CI 1.57-1.97, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: There was 76% increased risk for consanguineous marriage progeny to develop SNHL when compared to non consanguineous progeny.
PMID: 28964313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Studying Mechanosensitivity of Two-Pore Domain K(+) Channels in Cellular and Reconstituted Proteoliposome Membranes.
Studying Mechanosensitivity of Two-Pore Domain K(+) Channels in Cellular and Reconstituted Proteoliposome Membranes.
Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1684:129-150
Authors: Del Mármol J, Rietmeijer RA, Brohawn SG
Abstract
Mechanical force sensation is fundamental to a wide breadth of biology from the classic senses of touch, pain, hearing, and balance to less conspicuous sensations of proprioception, blood pressure, and osmolarity and basic aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and development. These diverse and essential systems use force-gated (or mechanosensitive) ion channels that convert mechanical stimuli into cellular electrical signals. TRAAK, TREK1, and TREK2 are K(+)-selective ion channels of the two-pore domain K(+) (K2P) family that are mechanosensitive: they are gated open by increasing membrane tension. TRAAK and TREK channels are thought to play roles in somatosensory and other mechanosensory processes in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Here, we present protocols for three assays to study mechanical activation of these channels in cell membranes: (1) cell swelling, (2) cell poking, and (3) patched membrane stretching. Patched membrane stretching is also applicable to the study of mechanosensitive K2P channel activity in a cell-free system and a procedure for proteoliposome reconstitution and patching is also presented. These approaches are also readily applicable to the study of other mechanosensitive ion channels.
PMID: 29058189 [PubMed - in process]
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Studying Mechanosensitivity of Two-Pore Domain K(+) Channels in Cellular and Reconstituted Proteoliposome Membranes.
Studying Mechanosensitivity of Two-Pore Domain K(+) Channels in Cellular and Reconstituted Proteoliposome Membranes.
Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1684:129-150
Authors: Del Mármol J, Rietmeijer RA, Brohawn SG
Abstract
Mechanical force sensation is fundamental to a wide breadth of biology from the classic senses of touch, pain, hearing, and balance to less conspicuous sensations of proprioception, blood pressure, and osmolarity and basic aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and development. These diverse and essential systems use force-gated (or mechanosensitive) ion channels that convert mechanical stimuli into cellular electrical signals. TRAAK, TREK1, and TREK2 are K(+)-selective ion channels of the two-pore domain K(+) (K2P) family that are mechanosensitive: they are gated open by increasing membrane tension. TRAAK and TREK channels are thought to play roles in somatosensory and other mechanosensory processes in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Here, we present protocols for three assays to study mechanical activation of these channels in cell membranes: (1) cell swelling, (2) cell poking, and (3) patched membrane stretching. Patched membrane stretching is also applicable to the study of mechanosensitive K2P channel activity in a cell-free system and a procedure for proteoliposome reconstitution and patching is also presented. These approaches are also readily applicable to the study of other mechanosensitive ion channels.
PMID: 29058189 [PubMed - in process]
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