The Association Between Habitual Walking Speed and Medial Femoral Cartilage Deformation Following 30-Minutes Of Walking

Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Matthew S. Harkey, J. Troy Blackburn, Hope Davis, Leslie Sierra-Arévalo, Daniel Nissman, Brian Pietrosimone
Habitual walking speed is a key functional outcome that has implications for knee biomechanics that occur during gait. Lower extremity biomechanics during walking affects the loading of the femoral cartilage. Ultrasonography (US) can be used to assess resting femoral cartilage thickness and acute cartilage deformation in response to walking. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between habitual walking speed and both resting femoral cartilage thickness and deformation. Twenty-four healthy participants with no history of knee injury volunteered for this study. Habitual walking speed was assessed with a 20-meter walk test. Femoral cartilage thickness was assessed with US in the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar regions prior to and immediately following 30minutes of walking. Femoral cartilage deformation was calculated as the percent change in cartilage thickness acutely following the walking protocol. Separate Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess the association between habitual walking speed and each US cartilage variable. Slower habitual walking speed was significantly associated with greater medial femoral cartilage deformation (r=0.48, P=0.018), but not with lateral and intercondylar deformation. Habitual walking speed was not significantly associated with the resting cartilage thickness in any cartilage region. These findings highlight the in vivo association between walking speed and medial femoral cartilage deformation. When controlling for body mass index, the association between walking speed and medial cartilage deformation was weakened (Δr=−0.12). Future studies are needed to determine the extent to which BMI influences the association between walking speed and cartilage deformation.



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Accuracy of three methods in gait event detection during overground running

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Shiwei Mo, Daniel H.K. Chow
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been extensively used to detect gait events. Various methods have been proposed for detecting initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) using IMUs affixed at various anatomical locations. However, the accuracy of such methods has yet to be compared. This study evaluated the accuracy of three common methods used for detecting gait events during jogging and running: (1) S-method, in which IC is identified as the instant of peak foot-resultant acceleration and TO is identified when the acceleration exceeds a threshold of 2g in the region of interest; (2) M-method, in which IC and TO are defined as the minimum before the positive peak shank vertical acceleration and the minimum in the region of interest, respectively; and (3) L-method, in which IC is indicated by the instant of peak pelvis anteroposterior acceleration and TO is identified by the maximum in the region of interest. The performance of the IMU-based methods in detecting IC and TO and estimating stance time (ST) were tested on 11 participants at jogging and running speeds against a reference provided by a force-platform method. The S-method was the most accurate for IC detection (overall mean absolute difference (MAD): 4.7±4.1ms). The M-method was the most accurate for TO detection (overall MAD: 7.0±3.5ms). A combination of M- and S-methods, called the MS-method, was the most accurate for ST estimation (overall MAD: 9.0±3.9ms). Thus, the MS-method is recommended for ST estimation; however, this method requires four IMUs for bilateral estimation.



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The Association Between Habitual Walking Speed and Medial Femoral Cartilage Deformation Following 30-Minutes Of Walking

Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Matthew S. Harkey, J. Troy Blackburn, Hope Davis, Leslie Sierra-Arévalo, Daniel Nissman, Brian Pietrosimone
Habitual walking speed is a key functional outcome that has implications for knee biomechanics that occur during gait. Lower extremity biomechanics during walking affects the loading of the femoral cartilage. Ultrasonography (US) can be used to assess resting femoral cartilage thickness and acute cartilage deformation in response to walking. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between habitual walking speed and both resting femoral cartilage thickness and deformation. Twenty-four healthy participants with no history of knee injury volunteered for this study. Habitual walking speed was assessed with a 20-meter walk test. Femoral cartilage thickness was assessed with US in the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar regions prior to and immediately following 30minutes of walking. Femoral cartilage deformation was calculated as the percent change in cartilage thickness acutely following the walking protocol. Separate Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess the association between habitual walking speed and each US cartilage variable. Slower habitual walking speed was significantly associated with greater medial femoral cartilage deformation (r=0.48, P=0.018), but not with lateral and intercondylar deformation. Habitual walking speed was not significantly associated with the resting cartilage thickness in any cartilage region. These findings highlight the in vivo association between walking speed and medial femoral cartilage deformation. When controlling for body mass index, the association between walking speed and medial cartilage deformation was weakened (Δr=−0.12). Future studies are needed to determine the extent to which BMI influences the association between walking speed and cartilage deformation.



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Accuracy of three methods in gait event detection during overground running

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Shiwei Mo, Daniel H.K. Chow
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been extensively used to detect gait events. Various methods have been proposed for detecting initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) using IMUs affixed at various anatomical locations. However, the accuracy of such methods has yet to be compared. This study evaluated the accuracy of three common methods used for detecting gait events during jogging and running: (1) S-method, in which IC is identified as the instant of peak foot-resultant acceleration and TO is identified when the acceleration exceeds a threshold of 2g in the region of interest; (2) M-method, in which IC and TO are defined as the minimum before the positive peak shank vertical acceleration and the minimum in the region of interest, respectively; and (3) L-method, in which IC is indicated by the instant of peak pelvis anteroposterior acceleration and TO is identified by the maximum in the region of interest. The performance of the IMU-based methods in detecting IC and TO and estimating stance time (ST) were tested on 11 participants at jogging and running speeds against a reference provided by a force-platform method. The S-method was the most accurate for IC detection (overall mean absolute difference (MAD): 4.7±4.1ms). The M-method was the most accurate for TO detection (overall MAD: 7.0±3.5ms). A combination of M- and S-methods, called the MS-method, was the most accurate for ST estimation (overall MAD: 9.0±3.9ms). Thus, the MS-method is recommended for ST estimation; however, this method requires four IMUs for bilateral estimation.



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The Association Between Habitual Walking Speed and Medial Femoral Cartilage Deformation Following 30-Minutes Of Walking

Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Matthew S. Harkey, J. Troy Blackburn, Hope Davis, Leslie Sierra-Arévalo, Daniel Nissman, Brian Pietrosimone
Habitual walking speed is a key functional outcome that has implications for knee biomechanics that occur during gait. Lower extremity biomechanics during walking affects the loading of the femoral cartilage. Ultrasonography (US) can be used to assess resting femoral cartilage thickness and acute cartilage deformation in response to walking. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between habitual walking speed and both resting femoral cartilage thickness and deformation. Twenty-four healthy participants with no history of knee injury volunteered for this study. Habitual walking speed was assessed with a 20-meter walk test. Femoral cartilage thickness was assessed with US in the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar regions prior to and immediately following 30minutes of walking. Femoral cartilage deformation was calculated as the percent change in cartilage thickness acutely following the walking protocol. Separate Pearson product moment correlations were used to assess the association between habitual walking speed and each US cartilage variable. Slower habitual walking speed was significantly associated with greater medial femoral cartilage deformation (r=0.48, P=0.018), but not with lateral and intercondylar deformation. Habitual walking speed was not significantly associated with the resting cartilage thickness in any cartilage region. These findings highlight the in vivo association between walking speed and medial femoral cartilage deformation. When controlling for body mass index, the association between walking speed and medial cartilage deformation was weakened (Δr=−0.12). Future studies are needed to determine the extent to which BMI influences the association between walking speed and cartilage deformation.



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Accuracy of three methods in gait event detection during overground running

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Shiwei Mo, Daniel H.K. Chow
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been extensively used to detect gait events. Various methods have been proposed for detecting initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) using IMUs affixed at various anatomical locations. However, the accuracy of such methods has yet to be compared. This study evaluated the accuracy of three common methods used for detecting gait events during jogging and running: (1) S-method, in which IC is identified as the instant of peak foot-resultant acceleration and TO is identified when the acceleration exceeds a threshold of 2g in the region of interest; (2) M-method, in which IC and TO are defined as the minimum before the positive peak shank vertical acceleration and the minimum in the region of interest, respectively; and (3) L-method, in which IC is indicated by the instant of peak pelvis anteroposterior acceleration and TO is identified by the maximum in the region of interest. The performance of the IMU-based methods in detecting IC and TO and estimating stance time (ST) were tested on 11 participants at jogging and running speeds against a reference provided by a force-platform method. The S-method was the most accurate for IC detection (overall mean absolute difference (MAD): 4.7±4.1ms). The M-method was the most accurate for TO detection (overall MAD: 7.0±3.5ms). A combination of M- and S-methods, called the MS-method, was the most accurate for ST estimation (overall MAD: 9.0±3.9ms). Thus, the MS-method is recommended for ST estimation; however, this method requires four IMUs for bilateral estimation.



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Terrible Twos or Early Signs of Psychopathology? Developmental Patterns in Early Identified Preschoolers With Cochlear Implants Compared With Hearing Controls.

Objective: Cochlear implants (CIs) have dramatically improved the lives of children who are deaf or hard of hearing; however, little is known about its implications for preventing the development of psychiatric symptoms in this at-risk population. This is the first longitudinal study to examine the early manifestation of emotional and behavioral disorders and associated risk and protective factors in early identified preschoolers with CIs compared with hearing peers. Design: Participants were 74 children with CIs and 190 hearing controls between ages 1 and 5 years (mean age, 3.8 years). Hearing loss was detected using the Newborn Hearing Screening in The Netherlands and Flanders. Parents completed the Early Childhood Inventory-4, a well-validated measure, to evaluate the symptoms of DSM-IV-defined psychiatric disorders, during three consecutive years. Language scores were derived from each child's medical notes. Results: Children with CIs and hearing controls evidenced comparable levels of disruptive behavior and anxiety/depression (which increased with age in both groups). Greater proficiency in language skills was associated with lower levels of psychopathology. Early CI and longer duration of CI use resulted in better language development. In turn, higher early language skills served as a protective factor against the development of disruptive behavior symptoms. Conclusions: This longitudinal study uniquely shows that improvement in language skills mitigates the development of early signs of psychopathology. Early identification of hearing loss and CIs help children improve their language skills. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Terrible Twos or Early Signs of Psychopathology? Developmental Patterns in Early Identified Preschoolers With Cochlear Implants Compared With Hearing Controls.

Objective: Cochlear implants (CIs) have dramatically improved the lives of children who are deaf or hard of hearing; however, little is known about its implications for preventing the development of psychiatric symptoms in this at-risk population. This is the first longitudinal study to examine the early manifestation of emotional and behavioral disorders and associated risk and protective factors in early identified preschoolers with CIs compared with hearing peers. Design: Participants were 74 children with CIs and 190 hearing controls between ages 1 and 5 years (mean age, 3.8 years). Hearing loss was detected using the Newborn Hearing Screening in The Netherlands and Flanders. Parents completed the Early Childhood Inventory-4, a well-validated measure, to evaluate the symptoms of DSM-IV-defined psychiatric disorders, during three consecutive years. Language scores were derived from each child's medical notes. Results: Children with CIs and hearing controls evidenced comparable levels of disruptive behavior and anxiety/depression (which increased with age in both groups). Greater proficiency in language skills was associated with lower levels of psychopathology. Early CI and longer duration of CI use resulted in better language development. In turn, higher early language skills served as a protective factor against the development of disruptive behavior symptoms. Conclusions: This longitudinal study uniquely shows that improvement in language skills mitigates the development of early signs of psychopathology. Early identification of hearing loss and CIs help children improve their language skills. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Terrible Twos or Early Signs of Psychopathology? Developmental Patterns in Early Identified Preschoolers With Cochlear Implants Compared With Hearing Controls.

Objective: Cochlear implants (CIs) have dramatically improved the lives of children who are deaf or hard of hearing; however, little is known about its implications for preventing the development of psychiatric symptoms in this at-risk population. This is the first longitudinal study to examine the early manifestation of emotional and behavioral disorders and associated risk and protective factors in early identified preschoolers with CIs compared with hearing peers. Design: Participants were 74 children with CIs and 190 hearing controls between ages 1 and 5 years (mean age, 3.8 years). Hearing loss was detected using the Newborn Hearing Screening in The Netherlands and Flanders. Parents completed the Early Childhood Inventory-4, a well-validated measure, to evaluate the symptoms of DSM-IV-defined psychiatric disorders, during three consecutive years. Language scores were derived from each child's medical notes. Results: Children with CIs and hearing controls evidenced comparable levels of disruptive behavior and anxiety/depression (which increased with age in both groups). Greater proficiency in language skills was associated with lower levels of psychopathology. Early CI and longer duration of CI use resulted in better language development. In turn, higher early language skills served as a protective factor against the development of disruptive behavior symptoms. Conclusions: This longitudinal study uniquely shows that improvement in language skills mitigates the development of early signs of psychopathology. Early identification of hearing loss and CIs help children improve their language skills. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Implementing evidence based practice with limited evidence: The case of language intervention with bilingual children

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Elin Thordardottir
Evidence based practice calls for clinical decisions to be based on a combination of research evidence, clinical expertise and client perspectives. A relatively small proportion of the research evidence on language intervention efficacy has focused specifically on bilingual children. This article reviews early research as well as recent findings on language intervention with bilingual children. Main questions targeted by this research include the choice of language of intervention, whether intervention effects transfer from one langage to the other, and whether language skills can be improved indirectly by enhancing underlying language processing and memory skills. Given the relative lack of intervention research on bilingual children, it is appropriate to consider the extent to which findings from the larger available evidence base on monolingual children can be applied. This may vary depending on the clinical question being asked and on the types of monolingual and bilingual environments involved. Given that monolingual and bilingual children are similar in a number of key characteristics that impact their ability to benefit from language treatment, it is proposed that clinicians use their experience and expertise to carefully consider the applicability to bilingual populations of research conducted with monolingual children. New directions in bilingual intervention that research is starting to address are reviewed, which will in time, lead to more sophisticated intervention choices tailored to the individual needs of children, both monolingual and bilingual.



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Implementing evidence based practice with limited evidence: The case of language intervention with bilingual children

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Elin Thordardottir
Evidence based practice calls for clinical decisions to be based on a combination of research evidence, clinical expertise and client perspectives. A relatively small proportion of the research evidence on language intervention efficacy has focused specifically on bilingual children. This article reviews early research as well as recent findings on language intervention with bilingual children. Main questions targeted by this research include the choice of language of intervention, whether intervention effects transfer from one langage to the other, and whether language skills can be improved indirectly by enhancing underlying language processing and memory skills. Given the relative lack of intervention research on bilingual children, it is appropriate to consider the extent to which findings from the larger available evidence base on monolingual children can be applied. This may vary depending on the clinical question being asked and on the types of monolingual and bilingual environments involved. Given that monolingual and bilingual children are similar in a number of key characteristics that impact their ability to benefit from language treatment, it is proposed that clinicians use their experience and expertise to carefully consider the applicability to bilingual populations of research conducted with monolingual children. New directions in bilingual intervention that research is starting to address are reviewed, which will in time, lead to more sophisticated intervention choices tailored to the individual needs of children, both monolingual and bilingual.



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Implementing evidence based practice with limited evidence: The case of language intervention with bilingual children

Publication date: Available online 6 October 2017
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Elin Thordardottir
Evidence based practice calls for clinical decisions to be based on a combination of research evidence, clinical expertise and client perspectives. A relatively small proportion of the research evidence on language intervention efficacy has focused specifically on bilingual children. This article reviews early research as well as recent findings on language intervention with bilingual children. Main questions targeted by this research include the choice of language of intervention, whether intervention effects transfer from one langage to the other, and whether language skills can be improved indirectly by enhancing underlying language processing and memory skills. Given the relative lack of intervention research on bilingual children, it is appropriate to consider the extent to which findings from the larger available evidence base on monolingual children can be applied. This may vary depending on the clinical question being asked and on the types of monolingual and bilingual environments involved. Given that monolingual and bilingual children are similar in a number of key characteristics that impact their ability to benefit from language treatment, it is proposed that clinicians use their experience and expertise to carefully consider the applicability to bilingual populations of research conducted with monolingual children. New directions in bilingual intervention that research is starting to address are reviewed, which will in time, lead to more sophisticated intervention choices tailored to the individual needs of children, both monolingual and bilingual.



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