Book Review.

Related Articles

Book Review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1

Authors: White J

PMID: 28859535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Related Articles

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Sep 01;:1-9

Authors: Jeffery H, Hopkins M, Anderson R, Patel V, Rogers J

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current criteria for the interpretation of positional nystagmus (PN).
DESIGN: Videonystagmography data on PN was collected for 90 patients presenting for balance testing with a history of vertigo or imbalance (excluding those diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo). These were compared to normative data from 90 asymptomatic subjects. A literature review was carried out regarding threshold criteria for clinically significant PN. These were evaluated using the data collected.
STUDY SAMPLE: Clinic group: 90 patients; 37 male, 53 female. Age range 15-82 years. Normative group: Ninety subjects; 31 male, 59 female. Age range 21-79 years.
RESULTS: PN was seen in 75.6% of the clinic group and in 50% of the normative group. The prevalence of nystagmus of slow phase velocity (SPV) > 3°/s was significantly higher in the clinic group than the normative group. The maximum SPV recorded in each position was greater from the clinic group than the normative group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of normative thresholds for SPV for both horizontal and vertical PN. A normative threshold of >3°/s for horizontal and >7°/s for vertical nystagmus is proposed.

PMID: 28859528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Related Articles

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1-10

Authors: Füllgrabe C, Harland AJ, Sęk AP, Moore BCJ

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a test of the ability to process binaural temporal-fine-structure (TFS) information. The test was intended to provide a graded measure of TFS sensitivity for all listeners.
DESIGN: Sensitivity to TFS was assessed at a sensation level of 30 dB using the established TFS-LF test at centre frequencies of 250, 500 and 750 Hz, and using the new TFS-AF test, in which the interaural phase difference (IPD) was fixed and the frequency was adaptively varied. IPDs varied from 30 to 180°.
STUDY SAMPLE: Nine young (19-25 years) and 23 older (47-84 years) listeners with normal hearing over the tested frequency range.
RESULTS: For the young listeners, thresholds on the TFS-AF test did not improve significantly with repeated testing. The rank-ordering of performance across listeners was independent of the size of the IPD, and moderate-to-strong correlations were observed between scores for the TFS-LF and TFS-AF tests. Older listeners who were unable to complete the TFS-LF test were all able to complete the TFS-AF test.
CONCLUSIONS: No practice effects and strong correlations with an established test of binaural TFS sensitivity make the TFS-AF test a good candidate for the assessment of supra-threshold binaural processing.

PMID: 28859494 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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via IFTTT

Book Review.

Related Articles

Book Review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1

Authors: White J

PMID: 28859535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2wsiVLs
via IFTTT

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Related Articles

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Sep 01;:1-9

Authors: Jeffery H, Hopkins M, Anderson R, Patel V, Rogers J

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current criteria for the interpretation of positional nystagmus (PN).
DESIGN: Videonystagmography data on PN was collected for 90 patients presenting for balance testing with a history of vertigo or imbalance (excluding those diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo). These were compared to normative data from 90 asymptomatic subjects. A literature review was carried out regarding threshold criteria for clinically significant PN. These were evaluated using the data collected.
STUDY SAMPLE: Clinic group: 90 patients; 37 male, 53 female. Age range 15-82 years. Normative group: Ninety subjects; 31 male, 59 female. Age range 21-79 years.
RESULTS: PN was seen in 75.6% of the clinic group and in 50% of the normative group. The prevalence of nystagmus of slow phase velocity (SPV) > 3°/s was significantly higher in the clinic group than the normative group. The maximum SPV recorded in each position was greater from the clinic group than the normative group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of normative thresholds for SPV for both horizontal and vertical PN. A normative threshold of >3°/s for horizontal and >7°/s for vertical nystagmus is proposed.

PMID: 28859528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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via IFTTT

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Related Articles

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1-10

Authors: Füllgrabe C, Harland AJ, Sęk AP, Moore BCJ

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a test of the ability to process binaural temporal-fine-structure (TFS) information. The test was intended to provide a graded measure of TFS sensitivity for all listeners.
DESIGN: Sensitivity to TFS was assessed at a sensation level of 30 dB using the established TFS-LF test at centre frequencies of 250, 500 and 750 Hz, and using the new TFS-AF test, in which the interaural phase difference (IPD) was fixed and the frequency was adaptively varied. IPDs varied from 30 to 180°.
STUDY SAMPLE: Nine young (19-25 years) and 23 older (47-84 years) listeners with normal hearing over the tested frequency range.
RESULTS: For the young listeners, thresholds on the TFS-AF test did not improve significantly with repeated testing. The rank-ordering of performance across listeners was independent of the size of the IPD, and moderate-to-strong correlations were observed between scores for the TFS-LF and TFS-AF tests. Older listeners who were unable to complete the TFS-LF test were all able to complete the TFS-AF test.
CONCLUSIONS: No practice effects and strong correlations with an established test of binaural TFS sensitivity make the TFS-AF test a good candidate for the assessment of supra-threshold binaural processing.

PMID: 28859494 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Playing Music May Improve the Gait Pattern in Patients with Bilateral Caloric Areflexia Wearing a Cochlear Implant: Results from a Pilot Study.

Related Articles

Playing Music May Improve the Gait Pattern in Patients with Bilateral Caloric Areflexia Wearing a Cochlear Implant: Results from a Pilot Study.

Front Neurol. 2017;8:404

Authors: Hallemans A, Mertens G, Van de Heyning P, Van Rompaey V

Abstract
HYPOTHESIS: Auditory information through an active cochlear implant (CI) influences gait parameters in adults with bilateral caloric areflexia and profound sensorineural hearing loss.
BACKGROUND: Patients with bilateral caloric areflexia suffer from imbalance, resulting in an increased risk of falling. In case of simultaneous deafness, the lack of auditory feedback results in less awareness of the auditory scene. This combination might produce significant challenges while walking and navigating. Auditory cues can be restored to some extent with a CI. Electrical stimulation through a CI can also produce a vestibulocollic reflex through current spread, which can be measured as cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials.
METHODS: Adults (seven males, one female, mean age 61 ± 14 years), wearing a CI to treat profound sensorineural hearing loss and presenting with bilateral caloric areflexia walked barefoot, over ground, at self-selected speed in three different conditions: with CI turned on, while listening to music and with CI turned off. Spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait were calculated using the conventional gait model.
RESULTS: Removing auditory feedback by turning off the CI decreased stride time (mean difference 0.03 ± 0.15 s) and slightly increased stride length (mean difference 0.5 ± 1.2 cm) compared to the control condition with the CI on. Walking while playing music positively affected gait compared to walking with the CI on but without auditory feedback. By increasing the motion of the pelvis (mean difference 1.3° ± 0.4°), the knee (mean difference 3.9° ± 0.8°) and the ankle (mean difference 2.2° ± 0.2°), stride length increased (7.8 ± 1.2 cm), while stride time decreased (0.059 ± 0.016 s).
CONCLUSION: Although a practice effect cannot be completely ruled out, this pilot study suggests that playing music while wearing an active CI may improve gait in patients with bilateral otovestibular loss. It remains unclear if the musical cues boost balance control or the CI might produce current spread and electrical stimulation to the vestibular afferents, thereby boosting its detection threshold, through stochastic resonance, and improving gait.

PMID: 28861034 [PubMed]

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Playing Music May Improve the Gait Pattern in Patients with Bilateral Caloric Areflexia Wearing a Cochlear Implant: Results from a Pilot Study.

Related Articles

Playing Music May Improve the Gait Pattern in Patients with Bilateral Caloric Areflexia Wearing a Cochlear Implant: Results from a Pilot Study.

Front Neurol. 2017;8:404

Authors: Hallemans A, Mertens G, Van de Heyning P, Van Rompaey V

Abstract
HYPOTHESIS: Auditory information through an active cochlear implant (CI) influences gait parameters in adults with bilateral caloric areflexia and profound sensorineural hearing loss.
BACKGROUND: Patients with bilateral caloric areflexia suffer from imbalance, resulting in an increased risk of falling. In case of simultaneous deafness, the lack of auditory feedback results in less awareness of the auditory scene. This combination might produce significant challenges while walking and navigating. Auditory cues can be restored to some extent with a CI. Electrical stimulation through a CI can also produce a vestibulocollic reflex through current spread, which can be measured as cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials.
METHODS: Adults (seven males, one female, mean age 61 ± 14 years), wearing a CI to treat profound sensorineural hearing loss and presenting with bilateral caloric areflexia walked barefoot, over ground, at self-selected speed in three different conditions: with CI turned on, while listening to music and with CI turned off. Spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait were calculated using the conventional gait model.
RESULTS: Removing auditory feedback by turning off the CI decreased stride time (mean difference 0.03 ± 0.15 s) and slightly increased stride length (mean difference 0.5 ± 1.2 cm) compared to the control condition with the CI on. Walking while playing music positively affected gait compared to walking with the CI on but without auditory feedback. By increasing the motion of the pelvis (mean difference 1.3° ± 0.4°), the knee (mean difference 3.9° ± 0.8°) and the ankle (mean difference 2.2° ± 0.2°), stride length increased (7.8 ± 1.2 cm), while stride time decreased (0.059 ± 0.016 s).
CONCLUSION: Although a practice effect cannot be completely ruled out, this pilot study suggests that playing music while wearing an active CI may improve gait in patients with bilateral otovestibular loss. It remains unclear if the musical cues boost balance control or the CI might produce current spread and electrical stimulation to the vestibular afferents, thereby boosting its detection threshold, through stochastic resonance, and improving gait.

PMID: 28861034 [PubMed]

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via IFTTT

Book Review.

Related Articles

Book Review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1

Authors: White J

PMID: 28859535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2wsiVLs
via IFTTT

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Related Articles

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Sep 01;:1-9

Authors: Jeffery H, Hopkins M, Anderson R, Patel V, Rogers J

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current criteria for the interpretation of positional nystagmus (PN).
DESIGN: Videonystagmography data on PN was collected for 90 patients presenting for balance testing with a history of vertigo or imbalance (excluding those diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo). These were compared to normative data from 90 asymptomatic subjects. A literature review was carried out regarding threshold criteria for clinically significant PN. These were evaluated using the data collected.
STUDY SAMPLE: Clinic group: 90 patients; 37 male, 53 female. Age range 15-82 years. Normative group: Ninety subjects; 31 male, 59 female. Age range 21-79 years.
RESULTS: PN was seen in 75.6% of the clinic group and in 50% of the normative group. The prevalence of nystagmus of slow phase velocity (SPV) > 3°/s was significantly higher in the clinic group than the normative group. The maximum SPV recorded in each position was greater from the clinic group than the normative group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of normative thresholds for SPV for both horizontal and vertical PN. A normative threshold of >3°/s for horizontal and >7°/s for vertical nystagmus is proposed.

PMID: 28859528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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via IFTTT

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Related Articles

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1-10

Authors: Füllgrabe C, Harland AJ, Sęk AP, Moore BCJ

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a test of the ability to process binaural temporal-fine-structure (TFS) information. The test was intended to provide a graded measure of TFS sensitivity for all listeners.
DESIGN: Sensitivity to TFS was assessed at a sensation level of 30 dB using the established TFS-LF test at centre frequencies of 250, 500 and 750 Hz, and using the new TFS-AF test, in which the interaural phase difference (IPD) was fixed and the frequency was adaptively varied. IPDs varied from 30 to 180°.
STUDY SAMPLE: Nine young (19-25 years) and 23 older (47-84 years) listeners with normal hearing over the tested frequency range.
RESULTS: For the young listeners, thresholds on the TFS-AF test did not improve significantly with repeated testing. The rank-ordering of performance across listeners was independent of the size of the IPD, and moderate-to-strong correlations were observed between scores for the TFS-LF and TFS-AF tests. Older listeners who were unable to complete the TFS-LF test were all able to complete the TFS-AF test.
CONCLUSIONS: No practice effects and strong correlations with an established test of binaural TFS sensitivity make the TFS-AF test a good candidate for the assessment of supra-threshold binaural processing.

PMID: 28859494 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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via IFTTT

Book Review.

Related Articles

Book Review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1

Authors: White J

PMID: 28859535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2wsiVLs
via IFTTT

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Related Articles

The interpretation of static positional nystagmus in a balance clinic.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Sep 01;:1-9

Authors: Jeffery H, Hopkins M, Anderson R, Patel V, Rogers J

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current criteria for the interpretation of positional nystagmus (PN).
DESIGN: Videonystagmography data on PN was collected for 90 patients presenting for balance testing with a history of vertigo or imbalance (excluding those diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo). These were compared to normative data from 90 asymptomatic subjects. A literature review was carried out regarding threshold criteria for clinically significant PN. These were evaluated using the data collected.
STUDY SAMPLE: Clinic group: 90 patients; 37 male, 53 female. Age range 15-82 years. Normative group: Ninety subjects; 31 male, 59 female. Age range 21-79 years.
RESULTS: PN was seen in 75.6% of the clinic group and in 50% of the normative group. The prevalence of nystagmus of slow phase velocity (SPV) > 3°/s was significantly higher in the clinic group than the normative group. The maximum SPV recorded in each position was greater from the clinic group than the normative group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of normative thresholds for SPV for both horizontal and vertical PN. A normative threshold of >3°/s for horizontal and >7°/s for vertical nystagmus is proposed.

PMID: 28859528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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via IFTTT

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Related Articles

Development of a method for determining binaural sensitivity to temporal fine structure.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Aug 31;:1-10

Authors: Füllgrabe C, Harland AJ, Sęk AP, Moore BCJ

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a test of the ability to process binaural temporal-fine-structure (TFS) information. The test was intended to provide a graded measure of TFS sensitivity for all listeners.
DESIGN: Sensitivity to TFS was assessed at a sensation level of 30 dB using the established TFS-LF test at centre frequencies of 250, 500 and 750 Hz, and using the new TFS-AF test, in which the interaural phase difference (IPD) was fixed and the frequency was adaptively varied. IPDs varied from 30 to 180°.
STUDY SAMPLE: Nine young (19-25 years) and 23 older (47-84 years) listeners with normal hearing over the tested frequency range.
RESULTS: For the young listeners, thresholds on the TFS-AF test did not improve significantly with repeated testing. The rank-ordering of performance across listeners was independent of the size of the IPD, and moderate-to-strong correlations were observed between scores for the TFS-LF and TFS-AF tests. Older listeners who were unable to complete the TFS-LF test were all able to complete the TFS-AF test.
CONCLUSIONS: No practice effects and strong correlations with an established test of binaural TFS sensitivity make the TFS-AF test a good candidate for the assessment of supra-threshold binaural processing.

PMID: 28859494 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Same or Different: The Overlap Between Children With Auditory Processing Disorders and Children With Other Developmental Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Children diagnosed with auditory processing disorders (APD) experience difficulties in auditory functioning and with memory, attention, language, and reading tasks. However, it is not clear whether the behavioral characteristics of these children are distinctive from the behavioral characteristics of children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder, such as specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disorder (LD), or autism spectrum disorder. This study describes the performance of children diagnosed with APD, SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD to different outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to determine (1) which characteristics of APD overlap with the characteristics of children with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, LD, or autism spectrum disorder; and (2) if there are characteristics that distinguish children diagnosed with APD from children diagnosed with other developmental disorders. Design: A systematic review. Six electronic databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Eric, PsychINFO, Communication & Mass Media Complete, and EMBASE) were searched to find peer-reviewed studies from 1954 to May 2015. The authors included studies reporting behaviors and performance of children with (suspected) APD and children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder (SLI, Dyslexia, ADHD, and LD). Two researchers identified and screened the studies independently. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels-of-evidence scheme. Results: In total, 13 studies of which the methodological quality was moderate were included in this systematic review. In five studies, the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with SLI: in two with children diagnosed with dyslexia, one with children diagnosed with ADHD, and in another one with children diagnosed with LD. Ten of the studies included children who met the criteria for more than one diagnosis. In four studies, there was a comparison made between the performances of children with comorbid disorders. There were no studies found in which the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Children diagnosed with APD broadly share the same characteristics as children diagnosed with other developmental disorders, with only minor differences between them. Differences were determined with the auditory and visual Duration Pattern Test, the Children's Auditory Processing Performance Scale questionnaire, and the subtests of the Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences test, in which noise is spatially separated from target sentences. However, these differences are not consistent between studies and are not found in comparison to all groups of children with other developmental disorders. Conclusions: Children diagnosed with APD perform equally to children diagnosed with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD on tests of intelligence, memory or attention, and language tests. Only small differences between groups were found for sensory and perceptual functioning tasks (auditory and visual). In addition, children diagnosed with dyslexia performed poorer in reading tasks compared with children diagnosed with APD. The result is possibly confounded by poor quality of the research studies and the low quality of the used outcome measures. More research with higher scientific rigor is required to better understand the differences and similarities in children with various neurodevelopmental disorders. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Effect of Signal to Noise Ratio on Cortical Auditory-Evoked Potentials Elicited to Speech Stimuli in Infants and Adults With Normal Hearing.

Objectives: Identification and discrimination of speech sounds in noisy environments is challenging for adults and even more so for infants and children. Behavioral studies consistently report maturational differences in the influence that signal to noise ratio (SNR) and masker type have on speech processing; however, few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying these differences at the level of the auditory cortex. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different SNRs on speech-evoked cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) in infants and adults with normal hearing. Design: A total of 10 adults (mean age 24.1 years) and 15 infants (mean age 30.7 weeks), all with normal hearing, were included in the data analyses. CAEPs were evoked to /m/ and /t/ speech stimuli (duration: 79 ms) presented at 75 dB SPL in the sound field with a jittered interstimulus interval of 1000-1200 ms. Each of the stimuli were presented in quiet and in the presence of white noise (SNRs of 10, 15, and 20 dB). Amplitude and latency measures were compared for P1, N1, and P2 for adults and for the large positivity (P) and following negativity (N: N250 and/or N450) for infants elicited in quiet and across SNR conditions. Results: Infant P-N responses to /t/ showed no statistically significant amplitude and latency effects across SNR conditions; in contrast, infant CAEPs to /m/ were greatly reduced in amplitude and delayed in latency. Responses were more frequently absent for SNRs of 20 dB or less. Adult P1-N1-P2 responses were present for all SNRs for /t/ and most SNRs for /m/ (two adults had no responses to /m/ for SNR 10); significant effects of SNR were found for P1, N1, and P2 amplitude and latencies. Conclusions: The findings of the present study support that SNR effects on CAEP amplitudes and latencies in infants cannot be generalized across different types of speech stimuli and cannot be predicted from adult data. These findings also suggest that factors other than energetic masking are contributing to the immaturities in the SNR effects for infants. How these CAEP findings relate to an infant's capacity to process speech-in-noise perceptually has yet to be established; however, we can be confident that the presence of CAEPs to a speech stimulus in noise means that the stimulus is detected at the level of the auditory cortex. The absence of a response should be interpreted with caution as further studies are needed to investigate a range of different speech stimuli and SNRs, in conjunction with behavioral measures, to confirm that infant CAEPs do indeed reflect functional auditory capacity to process speech stimuli in noise. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Same or Different: The Overlap Between Children With Auditory Processing Disorders and Children With Other Developmental Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Children diagnosed with auditory processing disorders (APD) experience difficulties in auditory functioning and with memory, attention, language, and reading tasks. However, it is not clear whether the behavioral characteristics of these children are distinctive from the behavioral characteristics of children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder, such as specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disorder (LD), or autism spectrum disorder. This study describes the performance of children diagnosed with APD, SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD to different outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to determine (1) which characteristics of APD overlap with the characteristics of children with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, LD, or autism spectrum disorder; and (2) if there are characteristics that distinguish children diagnosed with APD from children diagnosed with other developmental disorders. Design: A systematic review. Six electronic databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Eric, PsychINFO, Communication & Mass Media Complete, and EMBASE) were searched to find peer-reviewed studies from 1954 to May 2015. The authors included studies reporting behaviors and performance of children with (suspected) APD and children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder (SLI, Dyslexia, ADHD, and LD). Two researchers identified and screened the studies independently. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels-of-evidence scheme. Results: In total, 13 studies of which the methodological quality was moderate were included in this systematic review. In five studies, the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with SLI: in two with children diagnosed with dyslexia, one with children diagnosed with ADHD, and in another one with children diagnosed with LD. Ten of the studies included children who met the criteria for more than one diagnosis. In four studies, there was a comparison made between the performances of children with comorbid disorders. There were no studies found in which the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Children diagnosed with APD broadly share the same characteristics as children diagnosed with other developmental disorders, with only minor differences between them. Differences were determined with the auditory and visual Duration Pattern Test, the Children's Auditory Processing Performance Scale questionnaire, and the subtests of the Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences test, in which noise is spatially separated from target sentences. However, these differences are not consistent between studies and are not found in comparison to all groups of children with other developmental disorders. Conclusions: Children diagnosed with APD perform equally to children diagnosed with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD on tests of intelligence, memory or attention, and language tests. Only small differences between groups were found for sensory and perceptual functioning tasks (auditory and visual). In addition, children diagnosed with dyslexia performed poorer in reading tasks compared with children diagnosed with APD. The result is possibly confounded by poor quality of the research studies and the low quality of the used outcome measures. More research with higher scientific rigor is required to better understand the differences and similarities in children with various neurodevelopmental disorders. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Effect of Signal to Noise Ratio on Cortical Auditory-Evoked Potentials Elicited to Speech Stimuli in Infants and Adults With Normal Hearing.

Objectives: Identification and discrimination of speech sounds in noisy environments is challenging for adults and even more so for infants and children. Behavioral studies consistently report maturational differences in the influence that signal to noise ratio (SNR) and masker type have on speech processing; however, few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying these differences at the level of the auditory cortex. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different SNRs on speech-evoked cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) in infants and adults with normal hearing. Design: A total of 10 adults (mean age 24.1 years) and 15 infants (mean age 30.7 weeks), all with normal hearing, were included in the data analyses. CAEPs were evoked to /m/ and /t/ speech stimuli (duration: 79 ms) presented at 75 dB SPL in the sound field with a jittered interstimulus interval of 1000-1200 ms. Each of the stimuli were presented in quiet and in the presence of white noise (SNRs of 10, 15, and 20 dB). Amplitude and latency measures were compared for P1, N1, and P2 for adults and for the large positivity (P) and following negativity (N: N250 and/or N450) for infants elicited in quiet and across SNR conditions. Results: Infant P-N responses to /t/ showed no statistically significant amplitude and latency effects across SNR conditions; in contrast, infant CAEPs to /m/ were greatly reduced in amplitude and delayed in latency. Responses were more frequently absent for SNRs of 20 dB or less. Adult P1-N1-P2 responses were present for all SNRs for /t/ and most SNRs for /m/ (two adults had no responses to /m/ for SNR 10); significant effects of SNR were found for P1, N1, and P2 amplitude and latencies. Conclusions: The findings of the present study support that SNR effects on CAEP amplitudes and latencies in infants cannot be generalized across different types of speech stimuli and cannot be predicted from adult data. These findings also suggest that factors other than energetic masking are contributing to the immaturities in the SNR effects for infants. How these CAEP findings relate to an infant's capacity to process speech-in-noise perceptually has yet to be established; however, we can be confident that the presence of CAEPs to a speech stimulus in noise means that the stimulus is detected at the level of the auditory cortex. The absence of a response should be interpreted with caution as further studies are needed to investigate a range of different speech stimuli and SNRs, in conjunction with behavioral measures, to confirm that infant CAEPs do indeed reflect functional auditory capacity to process speech stimuli in noise. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Same or Different: The Overlap Between Children With Auditory Processing Disorders and Children With Other Developmental Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Children diagnosed with auditory processing disorders (APD) experience difficulties in auditory functioning and with memory, attention, language, and reading tasks. However, it is not clear whether the behavioral characteristics of these children are distinctive from the behavioral characteristics of children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder, such as specific language impairment (SLI), dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disorder (LD), or autism spectrum disorder. This study describes the performance of children diagnosed with APD, SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD to different outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to determine (1) which characteristics of APD overlap with the characteristics of children with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, LD, or autism spectrum disorder; and (2) if there are characteristics that distinguish children diagnosed with APD from children diagnosed with other developmental disorders. Design: A systematic review. Six electronic databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Eric, PsychINFO, Communication & Mass Media Complete, and EMBASE) were searched to find peer-reviewed studies from 1954 to May 2015. The authors included studies reporting behaviors and performance of children with (suspected) APD and children diagnosed with a different developmental disorder (SLI, Dyslexia, ADHD, and LD). Two researchers identified and screened the studies independently. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels-of-evidence scheme. Results: In total, 13 studies of which the methodological quality was moderate were included in this systematic review. In five studies, the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with SLI: in two with children diagnosed with dyslexia, one with children diagnosed with ADHD, and in another one with children diagnosed with LD. Ten of the studies included children who met the criteria for more than one diagnosis. In four studies, there was a comparison made between the performances of children with comorbid disorders. There were no studies found in which the performance of children diagnosed with APD was compared with the performance of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Children diagnosed with APD broadly share the same characteristics as children diagnosed with other developmental disorders, with only minor differences between them. Differences were determined with the auditory and visual Duration Pattern Test, the Children's Auditory Processing Performance Scale questionnaire, and the subtests of the Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences test, in which noise is spatially separated from target sentences. However, these differences are not consistent between studies and are not found in comparison to all groups of children with other developmental disorders. Conclusions: Children diagnosed with APD perform equally to children diagnosed with SLI, dyslexia, ADHD, and LD on tests of intelligence, memory or attention, and language tests. Only small differences between groups were found for sensory and perceptual functioning tasks (auditory and visual). In addition, children diagnosed with dyslexia performed poorer in reading tasks compared with children diagnosed with APD. The result is possibly confounded by poor quality of the research studies and the low quality of the used outcome measures. More research with higher scientific rigor is required to better understand the differences and similarities in children with various neurodevelopmental disorders. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Effect of Signal to Noise Ratio on Cortical Auditory-Evoked Potentials Elicited to Speech Stimuli in Infants and Adults With Normal Hearing.

Objectives: Identification and discrimination of speech sounds in noisy environments is challenging for adults and even more so for infants and children. Behavioral studies consistently report maturational differences in the influence that signal to noise ratio (SNR) and masker type have on speech processing; however, few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying these differences at the level of the auditory cortex. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different SNRs on speech-evoked cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) in infants and adults with normal hearing. Design: A total of 10 adults (mean age 24.1 years) and 15 infants (mean age 30.7 weeks), all with normal hearing, were included in the data analyses. CAEPs were evoked to /m/ and /t/ speech stimuli (duration: 79 ms) presented at 75 dB SPL in the sound field with a jittered interstimulus interval of 1000-1200 ms. Each of the stimuli were presented in quiet and in the presence of white noise (SNRs of 10, 15, and 20 dB). Amplitude and latency measures were compared for P1, N1, and P2 for adults and for the large positivity (P) and following negativity (N: N250 and/or N450) for infants elicited in quiet and across SNR conditions. Results: Infant P-N responses to /t/ showed no statistically significant amplitude and latency effects across SNR conditions; in contrast, infant CAEPs to /m/ were greatly reduced in amplitude and delayed in latency. Responses were more frequently absent for SNRs of 20 dB or less. Adult P1-N1-P2 responses were present for all SNRs for /t/ and most SNRs for /m/ (two adults had no responses to /m/ for SNR 10); significant effects of SNR were found for P1, N1, and P2 amplitude and latencies. Conclusions: The findings of the present study support that SNR effects on CAEP amplitudes and latencies in infants cannot be generalized across different types of speech stimuli and cannot be predicted from adult data. These findings also suggest that factors other than energetic masking are contributing to the immaturities in the SNR effects for infants. How these CAEP findings relate to an infant's capacity to process speech-in-noise perceptually has yet to be established; however, we can be confident that the presence of CAEPs to a speech stimulus in noise means that the stimulus is detected at the level of the auditory cortex. The absence of a response should be interpreted with caution as further studies are needed to investigate a range of different speech stimuli and SNRs, in conjunction with behavioral measures, to confirm that infant CAEPs do indeed reflect functional auditory capacity to process speech stimuli in noise. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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