Objective: The main objective of this study is to obtain data assessing normative scores, test-retest reliability, critical differences, and the effect of age for two closed-set consonant-discrimination tests. Design: The two tests are intended for use with children aged 2 to 8 years. The tests were evaluated using normal-hearing children within the appropriate age range. The tests were (1) the closed-set consonant confusion test (CCT) and (2) the consonant-discrimination subtest of the closed-set Chear Auditory Perception Test (CAPT). Both were word-identification tests using stimuli presented at a low fixed level, chosen to avoid ceiling effects while avoiding the use of background noise. Each test was administered twice. Results: All children in the age range 3 years 2 months to 8 years 11 months gave meaningful scores and were able to respond reliably using a computer mouse or a touch screen to select one of four response options displayed on a screen for each trial. Assessment of test-retest reliability showed strong agreement between the two test runs (interclass correlation >= 0.8 for both tests). The critical differences were similar to those for other monosyllabic speech tests. Tables of these differences for the CCT and CAPT are provided for clinical use of the measures. Performance tended to improve with increasing age, especially for the CCT. Regression equations relating mean performance to age are given. Conclusions: The CCT is appropriate for children with developmental age in the range 2 to 4.5 years and the CAPT is appropriate as a follow-on test from the CCT. If a child scores 80% or more on the CCT, they can be further tested using the CAPT, which contains more advanced vocabulary and more difficult contrasts. This allows the assessment of consonant perception ability and of changes over time or after an intervention. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Παρασκευή 17 Νοεμβρίου 2017
Closed-Set Speech Discrimination Tests for Assessing Young Children.
Objective: The main objective of this study is to obtain data assessing normative scores, test-retest reliability, critical differences, and the effect of age for two closed-set consonant-discrimination tests. Design: The two tests are intended for use with children aged 2 to 8 years. The tests were evaluated using normal-hearing children within the appropriate age range. The tests were (1) the closed-set consonant confusion test (CCT) and (2) the consonant-discrimination subtest of the closed-set Chear Auditory Perception Test (CAPT). Both were word-identification tests using stimuli presented at a low fixed level, chosen to avoid ceiling effects while avoiding the use of background noise. Each test was administered twice. Results: All children in the age range 3 years 2 months to 8 years 11 months gave meaningful scores and were able to respond reliably using a computer mouse or a touch screen to select one of four response options displayed on a screen for each trial. Assessment of test-retest reliability showed strong agreement between the two test runs (interclass correlation >= 0.8 for both tests). The critical differences were similar to those for other monosyllabic speech tests. Tables of these differences for the CCT and CAPT are provided for clinical use of the measures. Performance tended to improve with increasing age, especially for the CCT. Regression equations relating mean performance to age are given. Conclusions: The CCT is appropriate for children with developmental age in the range 2 to 4.5 years and the CAPT is appropriate as a follow-on test from the CCT. If a child scores 80% or more on the CCT, they can be further tested using the CAPT, which contains more advanced vocabulary and more difficult contrasts. This allows the assessment of consonant perception ability and of changes over time or after an intervention. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Closed-Set Speech Discrimination Tests for Assessing Young Children.
Objective: The main objective of this study is to obtain data assessing normative scores, test-retest reliability, critical differences, and the effect of age for two closed-set consonant-discrimination tests. Design: The two tests are intended for use with children aged 2 to 8 years. The tests were evaluated using normal-hearing children within the appropriate age range. The tests were (1) the closed-set consonant confusion test (CCT) and (2) the consonant-discrimination subtest of the closed-set Chear Auditory Perception Test (CAPT). Both were word-identification tests using stimuli presented at a low fixed level, chosen to avoid ceiling effects while avoiding the use of background noise. Each test was administered twice. Results: All children in the age range 3 years 2 months to 8 years 11 months gave meaningful scores and were able to respond reliably using a computer mouse or a touch screen to select one of four response options displayed on a screen for each trial. Assessment of test-retest reliability showed strong agreement between the two test runs (interclass correlation >= 0.8 for both tests). The critical differences were similar to those for other monosyllabic speech tests. Tables of these differences for the CCT and CAPT are provided for clinical use of the measures. Performance tended to improve with increasing age, especially for the CCT. Regression equations relating mean performance to age are given. Conclusions: The CCT is appropriate for children with developmental age in the range 2 to 4.5 years and the CAPT is appropriate as a follow-on test from the CCT. If a child scores 80% or more on the CCT, they can be further tested using the CAPT, which contains more advanced vocabulary and more difficult contrasts. This allows the assessment of consonant perception ability and of changes over time or after an intervention. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Stem Cells Can Restore Hearing but May Pose Cancer Risk
A new study found that injecting stem cells into the inner ear can restore hearing, but the process could lead to cancer. (Stem Cell Reports 2017;9[5]:1516.) Researchers at Rutgers University-New Brunswick overexpressed the gene NEUROG1, which plays a role in spiral ganglion neuron and hair cell development, to turn inner ear stem cells into auditory neurons, which could reverse deafness. This, however, could can also make those cells divide too quickly, posing a cancer risk. To control this process, researchers used chromatin, DNA studded with histone proteins, to influence how NEUROG1 functions. Researchers discovered that chromatin may help reduce unwanted stem cell proliferation, and it can be achieved by adding drugs to experimental cultures in Petri dishes.
Kelvin Kwan, PhD, a senior author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of cell biology and neuroscience at Rutgers University, said this is a cautionary tale. "People say, 'we'll just put stem cells in and we're going to replace lost neurons,'" Kwan said. "We're saying that 'yes, we can make neurons,' but you have other side effects that are unanticipated, such as increased proliferation of stem cells. So this will guide us toward a better strategy for cell replacement therapies."
Published: 11/17/2017 9:50:00 AM
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Stem Cells Can Restore Hearing but May Pose Cancer Risk
A new study found that injecting stem cells into the inner ear can restore hearing, but the process could lead to cancer. (Stem Cell Reports 2017;9[5]:1516.) Researchers at Rutgers University-New Brunswick overexpressed the gene NEUROG1, which plays a role in spiral ganglion neuron and hair cell development, to turn inner ear stem cells into auditory neurons, which could reverse deafness. This, however, could can also make those cells divide too quickly, posing a cancer risk. To control this process, researchers used chromatin, DNA studded with histone proteins, to influence how NEUROG1 functions. Researchers discovered that chromatin may help reduce unwanted stem cell proliferation, and it can be achieved by adding drugs to experimental cultures in Petri dishes.
Kelvin Kwan, PhD, a senior author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of cell biology and neuroscience at Rutgers University, said this is a cautionary tale. "People say, 'we'll just put stem cells in and we're going to replace lost neurons,'" Kwan said. "We're saying that 'yes, we can make neurons,' but you have other side effects that are unanticipated, such as increased proliferation of stem cells. So this will guide us toward a better strategy for cell replacement therapies."
Published: 11/17/2017 9:50:00 AM
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Stem Cells Can Restore Hearing but May Pose Cancer Risk
A new study found that injecting stem cells into the inner ear can restore hearing, but the process could lead to cancer. (Stem Cell Reports 2017;9[5]:1516.) Researchers at Rutgers University-New Brunswick overexpressed the gene NEUROG1, which plays a role in spiral ganglion neuron and hair cell development, to turn inner ear stem cells into auditory neurons, which could reverse deafness. This, however, could can also make those cells divide too quickly, posing a cancer risk. To control this process, researchers used chromatin, DNA studded with histone proteins, to influence how NEUROG1 functions. Researchers discovered that chromatin may help reduce unwanted stem cell proliferation, and it can be achieved by adding drugs to experimental cultures in Petri dishes.
Kelvin Kwan, PhD, a senior author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of cell biology and neuroscience at Rutgers University, said this is a cautionary tale. "People say, 'we'll just put stem cells in and we're going to replace lost neurons,'" Kwan said. "We're saying that 'yes, we can make neurons,' but you have other side effects that are unanticipated, such as increased proliferation of stem cells. So this will guide us toward a better strategy for cell replacement therapies."
Published: 11/17/2017 9:50:00 AM
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Statistical Learning in Specific Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The current meta-analysis provides a quantitative overview of published and unpublished studies on statistical learning in the auditory verbal domain in people with and without specific language impairment (SLI). The database used for the meta-analysis is accessible online and open to updates (Community-Augmented Meta-Analysis), which facilitates the accumulation and evaluation of previous and future studies on statistical learning in this domain.
Method
A systematic literature search identified 10 unique experiments examining auditory verbal statistical learning in 213 participants with SLI and 363 without SLI, aged between 6 and 19 years. Data from qualifying studies were extracted and converted to Hedges' g effect sizes.
Results
The overall standardized mean difference between participants with SLI and participants without SLI was 0.54, which was significantly different from 0 (p < .001, 95% confidence interval [0.36, 0.71]).
Conclusion
Together, the results of our meta-analysis indicate a robust difference between people with SLI and people without SLI in their detection of statistical regularities in the auditory input. The detection of statistical regularities is, on average, not as effective in people with SLI compared with people without SLI. The results of this meta-analysis are congruent with a statistical learning deficit hypothesis in SLI.
Supplemental Material
http://ift.tt/2zM0dkofrom #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0439/2664303/Statistical-Learning-in-Specific-Language
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Statistical Learning in Specific Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The current meta-analysis provides a quantitative overview of published and unpublished studies on statistical learning in the auditory verbal domain in people with and without specific language impairment (SLI). The database used for the meta-analysis is accessible online and open to updates (Community-Augmented Meta-Analysis), which facilitates the accumulation and evaluation of previous and future studies on statistical learning in this domain.
Method
A systematic literature search identified 10 unique experiments examining auditory verbal statistical learning in 213 participants with SLI and 363 without SLI, aged between 6 and 19 years. Data from qualifying studies were extracted and converted to Hedges' g effect sizes.
Results
The overall standardized mean difference between participants with SLI and participants without SLI was 0.54, which was significantly different from 0 (p < .001, 95% confidence interval [0.36, 0.71]).
Conclusion
Together, the results of our meta-analysis indicate a robust difference between people with SLI and people without SLI in their detection of statistical regularities in the auditory input. The detection of statistical regularities is, on average, not as effective in people with SLI compared with people without SLI. The results of this meta-analysis are congruent with a statistical learning deficit hypothesis in SLI.
Supplemental Material
http://ift.tt/2zM0dkofrom #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0439/2664303/Statistical-Learning-in-Specific-Language
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Statistical Learning in Specific Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The current meta-analysis provides a quantitative overview of published and unpublished studies on statistical learning in the auditory verbal domain in people with and without specific language impairment (SLI). The database used for the meta-analysis is accessible online and open to updates (Community-Augmented Meta-Analysis), which facilitates the accumulation and evaluation of previous and future studies on statistical learning in this domain.
Method
A systematic literature search identified 10 unique experiments examining auditory verbal statistical learning in 213 participants with SLI and 363 without SLI, aged between 6 and 19 years. Data from qualifying studies were extracted and converted to Hedges' g effect sizes.
Results
The overall standardized mean difference between participants with SLI and participants without SLI was 0.54, which was significantly different from 0 (p < .001, 95% confidence interval [0.36, 0.71]).
Conclusion
Together, the results of our meta-analysis indicate a robust difference between people with SLI and people without SLI in their detection of statistical regularities in the auditory input. The detection of statistical regularities is, on average, not as effective in people with SLI compared with people without SLI. The results of this meta-analysis are congruent with a statistical learning deficit hypothesis in SLI.
Supplemental Material
http://ift.tt/2zM0dkofrom #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0439/2664303/Statistical-Learning-in-Specific-Language
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Lim-domain only 4 retards organ of Corti cell growth.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Lim-domain only 4 retards organ of Corti cell growth.
J Cell Biochem. 2017 Nov 16;:
Authors: Rathinam R, Rosati R, Jamesdaniel S
Abstract
Lim-domain only 4 (LMO4) plays a critical role in mediating the ototoxic side-effects of cisplatin, a highly effective anti-cancer drug. However, the signaling mechanism by which cochlear LMO4 mediates otopathology is yet to be fully understood. Knockout cell culture models are useful tools for investigating the functional roles of novel genes and delineating associated signaling pathways. Therefore, LMO4 knockout organ of Corti cells were generated by using the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) system. Successful knockout of LMO4 in UB/OC1 cells was verified by the absence of LMO4 protein bands in immunoblots. Though the Knockout of LMO4 retarded the growth rate and the migratory potential of the cells it did not inhibit their long-term viability as the LMO4 knockout UB/OC1 cells were able to survive, proliferate, and form colonies. In addition, the knockout of LMO4 did not alter the expression of myosin VIIa, a biomarker of hair cells, suggesting that the knockout cells retain important characteristic features of cochlear sensory receptor cells. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that CRISPR/Cas9 system is a simple and versatile method for knocking out genes of interest in organ of Corti cells and that LMO4 knockout UB/OC1 cells are viable experimental models for studying the functional role of LMO4 in ototoxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
PMID: 29143984 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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