Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. Thirty-four culturally and socioeconomically diverse toddlers with suspected or confirmed ASD were randomized into one of three groups: Pathways with an innovative protocol (IP) to facilitate social eye gaze, a similar intervention without the IP, and a business-as-usual group. Pre- and post-analyses of caregiver–child interactions and the Vineland Social subscale were used. A two-way mixed ANOVA tested response to treatment for the dependent variables. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for the sharing emotions measures of social eye gaze, F(2, 31)=7.34, p=.002, partial η2=.321, vocal-verbal reciprocity, F(2, 31)=3.753, p=.035, partial η2=.195; Vineland social, F(2, 31)=3.48, p=.043, partial η2=.183. Social eye gaze and Vineland scores favored the Pathways group, and vocal-verbal reciprocity favored Pathways and the intervention without the IP. There was a significant main effect of post-intervention Vineland social on pragmatic diversity, F(1, 30)=5.84, p=.022, partial η2=.163, and on rate of communication, F(1, 30)=5.63, p=.024, partial η2=.158. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
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Πέμπτη 1 Φεβρουαρίου 2018
La pragmática: un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Pragmática y desarrollo metalingüístico
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en ancianos institucionalizados y su relación con síndromes geriátricos
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Setting the stage: Creating a social pragmatic environment for toddlers with ASD and their caregivers
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. Thirty-four culturally and socioeconomically diverse toddlers with suspected or confirmed ASD were randomized into one of three groups: Pathways with an innovative protocol (IP) to facilitate social eye gaze, a similar intervention without the IP, and a business-as-usual group. Pre- and post-analyses of caregiver–child interactions and the Vineland Social subscale were used. A two-way mixed ANOVA tested response to treatment for the dependent variables. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for the sharing emotions measures of social eye gaze, F(2, 31)=7.34, p=.002, partial η2=.321, vocal-verbal reciprocity, F(2, 31)=3.753, p=.035, partial η2=.195; Vineland social, F(2, 31)=3.48, p=.043, partial η2=.183. Social eye gaze and Vineland scores favored the Pathways group, and vocal-verbal reciprocity favored Pathways and the intervention without the IP. There was a significant main effect of post-intervention Vineland social on pragmatic diversity, F(1, 30)=5.84, p=.022, partial η2=.163, and on rate of communication, F(1, 30)=5.63, p=.024, partial η2=.158. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. Thirty-four culturally and socioeconomically diverse toddlers with suspected or confirmed ASD were randomized into one of three groups: Pathways with an innovative protocol (IP) to facilitate social eye gaze, a similar intervention without the IP, and a business-as-usual group. Pre- and post-analyses of caregiver–child interactions and the Vineland Social subscale were used. A two-way mixed ANOVA tested response to treatment for the dependent variables. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for the sharing emotions measures of social eye gaze, F(2, 31)=7.34, p=.002, partial η2=.321, vocal-verbal reciprocity, F(2, 31)=3.753, p=.035, partial η2=.195; Vineland social, F(2, 31)=3.48, p=.043, partial η2=.183. Social eye gaze and Vineland scores favored the Pathways group, and vocal-verbal reciprocity favored Pathways and the intervention without the IP. There was a significant main effect of post-intervention Vineland social on pragmatic diversity, F(1, 30)=5.84, p=.022, partial η2=.163, and on rate of communication, F(1, 30)=5.63, p=.024, partial η2=.158. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
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La pragmática: un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Pragmática y desarrollo metalingüístico
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en ancianos institucionalizados y su relación con síndromes geriátricos
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Setting the stage: Creating a social pragmatic environment for toddlers with ASD and their caregivers
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. Thirty-four culturally and socioeconomically diverse toddlers with suspected or confirmed ASD were randomized into one of three groups: Pathways with an innovative protocol (IP) to facilitate social eye gaze, a similar intervention without the IP, and a business-as-usual group. Pre- and post-analyses of caregiver–child interactions and the Vineland Social subscale were used. A two-way mixed ANOVA tested response to treatment for the dependent variables. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for the sharing emotions measures of social eye gaze, F(2, 31)=7.34, p=.002, partial η2=.321, vocal-verbal reciprocity, F(2, 31)=3.753, p=.035, partial η2=.195; Vineland social, F(2, 31)=3.48, p=.043, partial η2=.183. Social eye gaze and Vineland scores favored the Pathways group, and vocal-verbal reciprocity favored Pathways and the intervention without the IP. There was a significant main effect of post-intervention Vineland social on pragmatic diversity, F(1, 30)=5.84, p=.022, partial η2=.163, and on rate of communication, F(1, 30)=5.63, p=.024, partial η2=.158. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Pamela Rosenthal Rollins
Data from a 12-week randomized control trial of the Pathways Early Autism Intervention were analyzed. Pathways provides coaching to parents to facilitate early development of pragmatic skills for shared emotions with their toddlers. Thirty-four culturally and socioeconomically diverse toddlers with suspected or confirmed ASD were randomized into one of three groups: Pathways with an innovative protocol (IP) to facilitate social eye gaze, a similar intervention without the IP, and a business-as-usual group. Pre- and post-analyses of caregiver–child interactions and the Vineland Social subscale were used. A two-way mixed ANOVA tested response to treatment for the dependent variables. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for the sharing emotions measures of social eye gaze, F(2, 31)=7.34, p=.002, partial η2=.321, vocal-verbal reciprocity, F(2, 31)=3.753, p=.035, partial η2=.195; Vineland social, F(2, 31)=3.48, p=.043, partial η2=.183. Social eye gaze and Vineland scores favored the Pathways group, and vocal-verbal reciprocity favored Pathways and the intervention without the IP. There was a significant main effect of post-intervention Vineland social on pragmatic diversity, F(1, 30)=5.84, p=.022, partial η2=.163, and on rate of communication, F(1, 30)=5.63, p=.024, partial η2=.158. The Pathways group, with its protocol for social eye gaze, was more effective at facilitating the shared emotion skills than the other two groups, suggesting that eye gaze may be a pivotal skill for the development of early pragmatic skills in children with ASD.
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La pragmática: un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
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Pragmática y desarrollo metalingüístico
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Ignasi Ivern
La pragmática constituye un marco teórico para interpretar la comunicación humana que en términos generales centra su atención en el estudio del uso del lenguaje de manera contextualizada. Entre otros aspectos, la pragmática está relacionada con las intuiciones e inquietudes de los hablantes sobre cómo deben usar el lenguaje. En toda conversación se da intrínsecamente reflexión metalingüística y metacomunicativa, de forma más o menos consciente y más o menos evidente. El objetivo de este artículo ha sido revisar el papel que desempeña la metacognición y algunas de las categorías metalingüísticas más significativas que por razones distintas indican mejor el nivel de desarrollo pragmático de los niños: la imitación y las autocorrecciones espontáneas. La perspectiva pragmática subraya la importancia que tiene para la adquisición del lenguaje aprender a captar la intencionalidad más allá de la literalidad de las palabras. En este sentido, los procesos metalingüísticos y metacognitivos son procesos recursivos que contribuyen a entender cómo llegamos a ser capaces de captar intenciones y compartir significados.Pragmatics provides a theoretical framework to interpret human communication, which generally focuses its attention on the study of contextualized use of language. Among other aspects, pragmatics is related to the intuitions and concerns of the speakers on how they should use the language. Intrinsically metalinguistic and metacommunicative reflection occurs in every conversation, in a more or less conscious and more or less evident manner. The aim of this article has been to review the role played by metacognition and some of the most significant metalinguistic categories that, for different reasons, better indicate the level of pragmatic development of children: Imitation and spontaneous self-corrections. Pragmatic perspective emphasizes the importance of learning to catch intentionality beyond the literality of words in the process of language acquisition. Metalinguistic and metacognitive processes are recursive processes that contribute to understand how we become capable of grasping intentions and sharing meanings.
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Prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en ancianos institucionalizados y su relación con síndromes geriátricos
Publication date: Available online 1 February 2018
Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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Source:Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología
Author(s): Cristina Fernández-Getino Sallés
Antecedentes y objetivoLa disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma, a menudo infravalorado, con una gran trascendencia clínica por las graves complicaciones que puede provocar. El objetivo general de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en adultos mayores institucionalizados y, específicamente, conocer su relación con síndromes geriátricos.Pacientes y métodoLa población de estudio estaba compuesta por 30 sujetos mayores de 80 años institucionalizados en una residencia geriátrica. Todas las variables analizadas se extrajeron de la valoración clínica multidisciplinar. Las herramientas de valoración usadas han sido el Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de depresión geriátrica, el Método de exploración clínica volumen-viscosidad y el Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. Los datos se han gestionado con SAS® 9.4 y han sido importados desde la base de datos original en Excel mediante SAS® Enterprise 6.1.ResultadosLa prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea en esta población es de 41,5%. Existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el Índice de Barthel y la presencia de disfagia orofaríngea (p=.0279), al contrario del estado cognitivo (p=.8951), nutricional (p=.1470) o a la presencia de depresión (p=.999).ConclusionesLa disfagia orofaríngea es muy prevalente en ancianos institucionalizados. La situación funcional puede ser un factor de riesgo a padecer disfagia orofaríngea. La presencia de depresión no parece influir en la aparición de este síntoma. Se observa una tendencia a presentar disfagia orofaríngea cuando el estado cognitivo o nutricional es peor.Background and objectiveoropharyngeal dysphagia is often an underestimated symptom, with clinical significance because of the severe complications it may cause. The main objective of this project is to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among institutionalized elderly people and, specifically, to determine its relationship with geriatric syndromes or giants.Patients and methodthe study population was composed of 30 subjects older than 80 years institutionalized in a Nursing Home. All variables analyzed were obtained from a multidisciplinary clinical assessment. The assessment tools used were: the Mini-Nutritional Assessment®, the Barthel Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. The data were managed with SAS® 9.4 and imported from the original database into Excel using SAS® Enterprise 6.1.Resultsprevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in this population is 41.5%. There is a statistically significant relationship between the Barthel Index and the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (P=.0279), unlike the cognitive status (P=.8951), nutrition (P=.1470) or the presence of depression (P=.999).Conclusionsoropharyngeal dysphagia is highly prevalent among elderly institutionalized patients. Functional health status may be a risk factor for suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia. The presence of depression does not appear to influence the onset of this symptom. Worse cognitive and nutritional status is significantly related to the incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
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The Endocochlear Potential as an Indicator of Reticular Lamina Integrity after Noise Exposure in Mice
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Kevin K. Ohlemiller, Tejbeer Kaur, Mark E. Warchol, Robert H. Withnell
The endocochlear potential (EP) provides part of the electrochemical drive for sound-driven currents through cochlear hair cells. Intense noise exposure (110 dB SPL, 2 hrs) differentially affects the EP in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 [B6], CBA/J [CBA], BALB/cJ [BALB]) (Ohlemiller and Gagnon, 2007, Hearing Research 224:34-50; Ohlemiller et al., 2011, JARO 12:45-58). At least for mice older than 3 mos, B6 mice are unaffected, CBA mice show temporary EP reduction, and BALB mice may show temporary or permanent EP reduction. EP reduction was well correlated with histological metrics for injury to stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and little evidence was found for holes or tears in the reticular lamina that might ‘short out’ the EP. Thus we suggested that the genes and processes that underlie the strain EP differences primarily impact cochlear lateral wall, not the organ of Corti. Our previous work did not test the range of noise exposure conditions over which strain differences apply. It therefore remained possible that the relation between exposure severity and acute EP reduction simply has a higher exposure threshold in B6 mice compared to CBA and BALB. We also did not test for age dependence. It is well established that young adult animals are especially vulnerable to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS). It is unknown, however, whether heightened vulnerability of the lateral wall contributes to this condition. The present study extends our previous work to multiple noise exposure levels and durations, and explicitly compares young adult (6-7 wks) and older mice (>4 mos). We find that the exposure level-versus-acute EP relation is dramatically strain-dependent, such that B6 mice widely diverge from both CBA and BALB. For all three strains, however, acute EP reduction is greater in young mice. Above 110 dB SPL, all mice exhibited rapid and severe EP reduction that is likely related to tearing of the reticular lamina. By contrast, EP-versus-noise duration examined at 104 dB suggested that different processes contribute to EP reduction in young and older mice. The average EP falls to a constant level after ∼7.5 min in older mice, but progressively decreases with further exposure in young mice. Confocal microscopy of organ of Corti surface preparations stained for phalloidin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated this corresponds to rapid loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and formation of both holes and tears in the reticular lamina of young mice. In addition, when animals exposed at 119 dB were allowed to recover for 1 mo, only young B6 mice showed collapse of the EP to ≤5 mV. Confocal analysis suggested novel persistent loss of tight junctions in the lateral organ of Corti. This may allow paracellular leakage that permanently reduces the EP. From our other findings, we propose that noise-related lateral wall pathology in young CBA and BALB mice promotes hair cell loss and opening of the reticular lamina. The heightened vulnerability of young adult animals to noise exposure may in part reflect special sensitivity of the organ of Corti to acute lateral wall dysfunction at younger ages. This feature appears genetically modifiable.
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Erratum and comment: Envelope Following Responses in Normal Hearing and in Tinnitus
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): L.E. Roberts, B.T. Paul, I.C. Bruce
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The Endocochlear Potential as an Indicator of Reticular Lamina Integrity after Noise Exposure in Mice
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Kevin K. Ohlemiller, Tejbeer Kaur, Mark E. Warchol, Robert H. Withnell
The endocochlear potential (EP) provides part of the electrochemical drive for sound-driven currents through cochlear hair cells. Intense noise exposure (110 dB SPL, 2 hrs) differentially affects the EP in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 [B6], CBA/J [CBA], BALB/cJ [BALB]) (Ohlemiller and Gagnon, 2007, Hearing Research 224:34-50; Ohlemiller et al., 2011, JARO 12:45-58). At least for mice older than 3 mos, B6 mice are unaffected, CBA mice show temporary EP reduction, and BALB mice may show temporary or permanent EP reduction. EP reduction was well correlated with histological metrics for injury to stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and little evidence was found for holes or tears in the reticular lamina that might ‘short out’ the EP. Thus we suggested that the genes and processes that underlie the strain EP differences primarily impact cochlear lateral wall, not the organ of Corti. Our previous work did not test the range of noise exposure conditions over which strain differences apply. It therefore remained possible that the relation between exposure severity and acute EP reduction simply has a higher exposure threshold in B6 mice compared to CBA and BALB. We also did not test for age dependence. It is well established that young adult animals are especially vulnerable to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS). It is unknown, however, whether heightened vulnerability of the lateral wall contributes to this condition. The present study extends our previous work to multiple noise exposure levels and durations, and explicitly compares young adult (6-7 wks) and older mice (>4 mos). We find that the exposure level-versus-acute EP relation is dramatically strain-dependent, such that B6 mice widely diverge from both CBA and BALB. For all three strains, however, acute EP reduction is greater in young mice. Above 110 dB SPL, all mice exhibited rapid and severe EP reduction that is likely related to tearing of the reticular lamina. By contrast, EP-versus-noise duration examined at 104 dB suggested that different processes contribute to EP reduction in young and older mice. The average EP falls to a constant level after ∼7.5 min in older mice, but progressively decreases with further exposure in young mice. Confocal microscopy of organ of Corti surface preparations stained for phalloidin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated this corresponds to rapid loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and formation of both holes and tears in the reticular lamina of young mice. In addition, when animals exposed at 119 dB were allowed to recover for 1 mo, only young B6 mice showed collapse of the EP to ≤5 mV. Confocal analysis suggested novel persistent loss of tight junctions in the lateral organ of Corti. This may allow paracellular leakage that permanently reduces the EP. From our other findings, we propose that noise-related lateral wall pathology in young CBA and BALB mice promotes hair cell loss and opening of the reticular lamina. The heightened vulnerability of young adult animals to noise exposure may in part reflect special sensitivity of the organ of Corti to acute lateral wall dysfunction at younger ages. This feature appears genetically modifiable.
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Erratum and comment: Envelope Following Responses in Normal Hearing and in Tinnitus
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): L.E. Roberts, B.T. Paul, I.C. Bruce
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The Endocochlear Potential as an Indicator of Reticular Lamina Integrity after Noise Exposure in Mice
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Kevin K. Ohlemiller, Tejbeer Kaur, Mark E. Warchol, Robert H. Withnell
The endocochlear potential (EP) provides part of the electrochemical drive for sound-driven currents through cochlear hair cells. Intense noise exposure (110 dB SPL, 2 hrs) differentially affects the EP in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 [B6], CBA/J [CBA], BALB/cJ [BALB]) (Ohlemiller and Gagnon, 2007, Hearing Research 224:34-50; Ohlemiller et al., 2011, JARO 12:45-58). At least for mice older than 3 mos, B6 mice are unaffected, CBA mice show temporary EP reduction, and BALB mice may show temporary or permanent EP reduction. EP reduction was well correlated with histological metrics for injury to stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and little evidence was found for holes or tears in the reticular lamina that might ‘short out’ the EP. Thus we suggested that the genes and processes that underlie the strain EP differences primarily impact cochlear lateral wall, not the organ of Corti. Our previous work did not test the range of noise exposure conditions over which strain differences apply. It therefore remained possible that the relation between exposure severity and acute EP reduction simply has a higher exposure threshold in B6 mice compared to CBA and BALB. We also did not test for age dependence. It is well established that young adult animals are especially vulnerable to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS). It is unknown, however, whether heightened vulnerability of the lateral wall contributes to this condition. The present study extends our previous work to multiple noise exposure levels and durations, and explicitly compares young adult (6-7 wks) and older mice (>4 mos). We find that the exposure level-versus-acute EP relation is dramatically strain-dependent, such that B6 mice widely diverge from both CBA and BALB. For all three strains, however, acute EP reduction is greater in young mice. Above 110 dB SPL, all mice exhibited rapid and severe EP reduction that is likely related to tearing of the reticular lamina. By contrast, EP-versus-noise duration examined at 104 dB suggested that different processes contribute to EP reduction in young and older mice. The average EP falls to a constant level after ∼7.5 min in older mice, but progressively decreases with further exposure in young mice. Confocal microscopy of organ of Corti surface preparations stained for phalloidin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated this corresponds to rapid loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and formation of both holes and tears in the reticular lamina of young mice. In addition, when animals exposed at 119 dB were allowed to recover for 1 mo, only young B6 mice showed collapse of the EP to ≤5 mV. Confocal analysis suggested novel persistent loss of tight junctions in the lateral organ of Corti. This may allow paracellular leakage that permanently reduces the EP. From our other findings, we propose that noise-related lateral wall pathology in young CBA and BALB mice promotes hair cell loss and opening of the reticular lamina. The heightened vulnerability of young adult animals to noise exposure may in part reflect special sensitivity of the organ of Corti to acute lateral wall dysfunction at younger ages. This feature appears genetically modifiable.
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Erratum and comment: Envelope Following Responses in Normal Hearing and in Tinnitus
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): L.E. Roberts, B.T. Paul, I.C. Bruce
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Voice, Articulation, and Prosody Contribute to Listener Perceptions of Speaker Gender: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of the aspects of verbal communication contributing to listener perceptions of speaker gender with a view to providing clinicians with guidance for the selection of the training goals when working with transsexual individuals.
Method
Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines were adopted in this systematic review. Studies evaluating the contribution of aspects of verbal communication to listener perceptions of speaker gender were rated against a new risk of bias assessment tool. Relevant data were extracted, and narrative synthesis was then conducted. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate data were available.
Results
Thirty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis showed speaking fundamental frequency contributing to 41.6% of the variance in gender perception. Auditory-perceptual and acoustic measures of pitch, resonance, loudness, articulation, and intonation were found to be associated with listeners' perceptions of speaker gender. Tempo and stress were not significantly associated. Mixed findings were found as to the contribution of a breathy voice quality to gender perception. Nonetheless, there exists significant risk of bias in this body of research.
Conclusions
Speech and language clinicians working with transsexual individuals may use the results of this review for goal setting. Further research is required to redress the significant risk of bias.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FEnvb7
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A Meta-Analysis: Acoustic Measurement of Roughness and Breathiness
Purpose
Over the last 5 decades, many acoustic measures have been created to measure roughness and breathiness. The aim of this study is to present a meta-analysis of correlation coefficients (r) between auditory-perceptual judgment of roughness and breathiness and various acoustic measures in both sustained vowels and continuous speech.
Method
Scientific literature reporting perceptual–acoustic correlations on roughness and breathiness were sought in 28 databases. Weighted average correlation coefficients (r w) were calculated when multiple r-values were available for a specific acoustic marker. An r w ≥ .60 was the threshold for an acoustic measure to be considered acceptable.
Results
From 103 studies of roughness and 107 studies of breathiness that were investigated, only 33 studies and 34 studies, respectively, met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis on sustained vowels. Eighty-six acoustic measures were identified for roughness and 85 acoustic measures for breathiness on sustained vowels, in which 43 and 39 measures, respectively, yielded multiple r-values. Finally, only 14 measures for roughness and 12 measures for breathiness produced r w ≥ .60. On continuous speech, 4 measures for roughness and 21 measures for breathiness were identified, yielding 3 and 6 measures, respectively, with multiple r-values in which only 1 and 2, respectively, had r w ≥ .60.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis showed that only a few acoustic parameters were determined as the best estimators for roughness and breathiness.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E6Oy1C
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Error Consistency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech With Aphasia: Effects of the Analysis Unit
Purpose
Diagnostic recommendations for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have been contradictory concerning whether speech sound errors are consistent or variable. Studies have reported divergent findings that, on face value, could argue either for or against error consistency as a diagnostic criterion. The purpose of this study was to explain discrepancies in error consistency results based on the unit of analysis (segment, syllable, or word) to help determine which diagnostic recommendation is most appropriate.
Method
We analyzed speech samples from 14 left-hemisphere stroke survivors with clinical diagnoses of AOS and aphasia. Each participant produced 3 multisyllabic words 5 times in succession. Broad phonetic transcriptions of these productions were coded for consistency of error location and type using the word and its constituent syllables and sound segments as units of analysis.
Results
Consistency of error type varied systematically with the unit of analysis, showing progressively greater consistency as the analysis unit changed from the word to the syllable and then to the sound segment. Consistency of error location varied considerably across participants and correlated positively with error frequency.
Conclusions
Low to moderate consistency of error type at the word level confirms original diagnostic accounts of speech output and sound errors in AOS as variable in form. Moderate to high error type consistency at the syllable and sound levels indicate that phonetic error patterns are present. The results are complementary and logically compatible with each other and with the literature.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FBwIB8
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Mechanisms of Vowel Variation in African American English
Purpose
This research explored mechanisms of vowel variation in African American English by comparing 2 geographically distant groups of African American and White American English speakers for participation in the African American Shift and the Southern Vowel Shift.
Method
Thirty-two male (African American: n = 16, White American controls: n = 16) lifelong residents of cities in eastern and western North Carolina produced heed, hid, heyd, head, had, hod, hawed, whod, hood, hoed, hide, howed, hoyd, and heard 3 times each in random order. Formant frequency, duration, and acoustic analyses were completed for the vowels /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ɔ, u, ʊ, o, aɪ, aʊ, oɪ, ɝ/ produced in the listed words.
Results
African American English speakers show vowel variation. In the west, the African American English speakers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift and hod fronting of the African American Shift. In the east, neither the African American English speakers nor their White peers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift. The African American English speakers show limited participation in the African American Shift.
Conclusion
The results provide evidence of regional and socio-ethnic variation in African American English in North Carolina.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E5Rj39
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Voice, Articulation, and Prosody Contribute to Listener Perceptions of Speaker Gender: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of the aspects of verbal communication contributing to listener perceptions of speaker gender with a view to providing clinicians with guidance for the selection of the training goals when working with transsexual individuals.
Method
Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines were adopted in this systematic review. Studies evaluating the contribution of aspects of verbal communication to listener perceptions of speaker gender were rated against a new risk of bias assessment tool. Relevant data were extracted, and narrative synthesis was then conducted. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate data were available.
Results
Thirty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis showed speaking fundamental frequency contributing to 41.6% of the variance in gender perception. Auditory-perceptual and acoustic measures of pitch, resonance, loudness, articulation, and intonation were found to be associated with listeners' perceptions of speaker gender. Tempo and stress were not significantly associated. Mixed findings were found as to the contribution of a breathy voice quality to gender perception. Nonetheless, there exists significant risk of bias in this body of research.
Conclusions
Speech and language clinicians working with transsexual individuals may use the results of this review for goal setting. Further research is required to redress the significant risk of bias.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FEnvb7
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A Meta-Analysis: Acoustic Measurement of Roughness and Breathiness
Purpose
Over the last 5 decades, many acoustic measures have been created to measure roughness and breathiness. The aim of this study is to present a meta-analysis of correlation coefficients (r) between auditory-perceptual judgment of roughness and breathiness and various acoustic measures in both sustained vowels and continuous speech.
Method
Scientific literature reporting perceptual–acoustic correlations on roughness and breathiness were sought in 28 databases. Weighted average correlation coefficients (r w) were calculated when multiple r-values were available for a specific acoustic marker. An r w ≥ .60 was the threshold for an acoustic measure to be considered acceptable.
Results
From 103 studies of roughness and 107 studies of breathiness that were investigated, only 33 studies and 34 studies, respectively, met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis on sustained vowels. Eighty-six acoustic measures were identified for roughness and 85 acoustic measures for breathiness on sustained vowels, in which 43 and 39 measures, respectively, yielded multiple r-values. Finally, only 14 measures for roughness and 12 measures for breathiness produced r w ≥ .60. On continuous speech, 4 measures for roughness and 21 measures for breathiness were identified, yielding 3 and 6 measures, respectively, with multiple r-values in which only 1 and 2, respectively, had r w ≥ .60.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis showed that only a few acoustic parameters were determined as the best estimators for roughness and breathiness.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E6Oy1C
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Error Consistency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech With Aphasia: Effects of the Analysis Unit
Purpose
Diagnostic recommendations for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have been contradictory concerning whether speech sound errors are consistent or variable. Studies have reported divergent findings that, on face value, could argue either for or against error consistency as a diagnostic criterion. The purpose of this study was to explain discrepancies in error consistency results based on the unit of analysis (segment, syllable, or word) to help determine which diagnostic recommendation is most appropriate.
Method
We analyzed speech samples from 14 left-hemisphere stroke survivors with clinical diagnoses of AOS and aphasia. Each participant produced 3 multisyllabic words 5 times in succession. Broad phonetic transcriptions of these productions were coded for consistency of error location and type using the word and its constituent syllables and sound segments as units of analysis.
Results
Consistency of error type varied systematically with the unit of analysis, showing progressively greater consistency as the analysis unit changed from the word to the syllable and then to the sound segment. Consistency of error location varied considerably across participants and correlated positively with error frequency.
Conclusions
Low to moderate consistency of error type at the word level confirms original diagnostic accounts of speech output and sound errors in AOS as variable in form. Moderate to high error type consistency at the syllable and sound levels indicate that phonetic error patterns are present. The results are complementary and logically compatible with each other and with the literature.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FBwIB8
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Mechanisms of Vowel Variation in African American English
Purpose
This research explored mechanisms of vowel variation in African American English by comparing 2 geographically distant groups of African American and White American English speakers for participation in the African American Shift and the Southern Vowel Shift.
Method
Thirty-two male (African American: n = 16, White American controls: n = 16) lifelong residents of cities in eastern and western North Carolina produced heed, hid, heyd, head, had, hod, hawed, whod, hood, hoed, hide, howed, hoyd, and heard 3 times each in random order. Formant frequency, duration, and acoustic analyses were completed for the vowels /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ɔ, u, ʊ, o, aɪ, aʊ, oɪ, ɝ/ produced in the listed words.
Results
African American English speakers show vowel variation. In the west, the African American English speakers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift and hod fronting of the African American Shift. In the east, neither the African American English speakers nor their White peers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift. The African American English speakers show limited participation in the African American Shift.
Conclusion
The results provide evidence of regional and socio-ethnic variation in African American English in North Carolina.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E5Rj39
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Voice, Articulation, and Prosody Contribute to Listener Perceptions of Speaker Gender: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Purpose
The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of the aspects of verbal communication contributing to listener perceptions of speaker gender with a view to providing clinicians with guidance for the selection of the training goals when working with transsexual individuals.
Method
Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines were adopted in this systematic review. Studies evaluating the contribution of aspects of verbal communication to listener perceptions of speaker gender were rated against a new risk of bias assessment tool. Relevant data were extracted, and narrative synthesis was then conducted. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate data were available.
Results
Thirty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis showed speaking fundamental frequency contributing to 41.6% of the variance in gender perception. Auditory-perceptual and acoustic measures of pitch, resonance, loudness, articulation, and intonation were found to be associated with listeners' perceptions of speaker gender. Tempo and stress were not significantly associated. Mixed findings were found as to the contribution of a breathy voice quality to gender perception. Nonetheless, there exists significant risk of bias in this body of research.
Conclusions
Speech and language clinicians working with transsexual individuals may use the results of this review for goal setting. Further research is required to redress the significant risk of bias.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FEnvb7
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A Meta-Analysis: Acoustic Measurement of Roughness and Breathiness
Purpose
Over the last 5 decades, many acoustic measures have been created to measure roughness and breathiness. The aim of this study is to present a meta-analysis of correlation coefficients (r) between auditory-perceptual judgment of roughness and breathiness and various acoustic measures in both sustained vowels and continuous speech.
Method
Scientific literature reporting perceptual–acoustic correlations on roughness and breathiness were sought in 28 databases. Weighted average correlation coefficients (r w) were calculated when multiple r-values were available for a specific acoustic marker. An r w ≥ .60 was the threshold for an acoustic measure to be considered acceptable.
Results
From 103 studies of roughness and 107 studies of breathiness that were investigated, only 33 studies and 34 studies, respectively, met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis on sustained vowels. Eighty-six acoustic measures were identified for roughness and 85 acoustic measures for breathiness on sustained vowels, in which 43 and 39 measures, respectively, yielded multiple r-values. Finally, only 14 measures for roughness and 12 measures for breathiness produced r w ≥ .60. On continuous speech, 4 measures for roughness and 21 measures for breathiness were identified, yielding 3 and 6 measures, respectively, with multiple r-values in which only 1 and 2, respectively, had r w ≥ .60.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis showed that only a few acoustic parameters were determined as the best estimators for roughness and breathiness.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E6Oy1C
via IFTTT
Error Consistency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech With Aphasia: Effects of the Analysis Unit
Purpose
Diagnostic recommendations for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have been contradictory concerning whether speech sound errors are consistent or variable. Studies have reported divergent findings that, on face value, could argue either for or against error consistency as a diagnostic criterion. The purpose of this study was to explain discrepancies in error consistency results based on the unit of analysis (segment, syllable, or word) to help determine which diagnostic recommendation is most appropriate.
Method
We analyzed speech samples from 14 left-hemisphere stroke survivors with clinical diagnoses of AOS and aphasia. Each participant produced 3 multisyllabic words 5 times in succession. Broad phonetic transcriptions of these productions were coded for consistency of error location and type using the word and its constituent syllables and sound segments as units of analysis.
Results
Consistency of error type varied systematically with the unit of analysis, showing progressively greater consistency as the analysis unit changed from the word to the syllable and then to the sound segment. Consistency of error location varied considerably across participants and correlated positively with error frequency.
Conclusions
Low to moderate consistency of error type at the word level confirms original diagnostic accounts of speech output and sound errors in AOS as variable in form. Moderate to high error type consistency at the syllable and sound levels indicate that phonetic error patterns are present. The results are complementary and logically compatible with each other and with the literature.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2FBwIB8
via IFTTT
Mechanisms of Vowel Variation in African American English
Purpose
This research explored mechanisms of vowel variation in African American English by comparing 2 geographically distant groups of African American and White American English speakers for participation in the African American Shift and the Southern Vowel Shift.
Method
Thirty-two male (African American: n = 16, White American controls: n = 16) lifelong residents of cities in eastern and western North Carolina produced heed, hid, heyd, head, had, hod, hawed, whod, hood, hoed, hide, howed, hoyd, and heard 3 times each in random order. Formant frequency, duration, and acoustic analyses were completed for the vowels /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ɔ, u, ʊ, o, aɪ, aʊ, oɪ, ɝ/ produced in the listed words.
Results
African American English speakers show vowel variation. In the west, the African American English speakers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift and hod fronting of the African American Shift. In the east, neither the African American English speakers nor their White peers are participating in the Southern Vowel Shift. The African American English speakers show limited participation in the African American Shift.
Conclusion
The results provide evidence of regional and socio-ethnic variation in African American English in North Carolina.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E5Rj39
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The Most Powerful Sound You Will Never Hear
In a recent NPR Bio-Tech Nation interview, Focused Ultrasound Foundation Chairman Neal Kassell, MD, describes the theory and potential applications of this emerging approach to medical treatment. The treatment uses “multiple intersecting beams of high-frequency sound” to accurately target specific structures within the body with little effects on surrounding structures. Think magnifying glass and sunlight transformed into a concentrated and powerful beam of light.
from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2Evupjy
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Clinicians' Guide to Obtaining a Valid Auditory Brainstem Response to Determine Hearing Status: Signal, Noise, and Cross-Checks
Purpose
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a powerful tool for making clinical decisions about the presence, degree, and type of hearing loss in individuals in whom behavioral hearing thresholds cannot be obtained or are not reliable. Although the test is objective, interpretation of the results is subjective.
Method
This review provides information about evidence-based criteria, suggested by the 2013 Newborn Hearing Screening Program guidelines, and the use of cross-check methods for making valid interpretations about hearing status from ABR recordings.
Results
The use of an appropriate display scale setting, templates of expected response properties, and objective criteria to estimate the residual noise, signal level, and signal-to-noise ratio will provide quality data for determining ABR thresholds. Cross-checks (e.g., immittance measures, otoacoustic emissions testing, functional indications of a child's hearing) are also needed to accurately interpret the ABR.
Conclusions
Using evidence-based ABR signal detection criteria and considering the results within the context of other physiologic tests and assessments of hearing function will improve the clinician's accuracy for detecting hearing loss and, when present, the degree of hearing loss. Diagnostic accuracy will ensure that appropriate remediation is initiated and that children or infants with normal hearing are not subjected to unnecessary intervention.from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E4sxR4
via IFTTT
Clinicians' Guide to Obtaining a Valid Auditory Brainstem Response to Determine Hearing Status: Signal, Noise, and Cross-Checks
Purpose
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a powerful tool for making clinical decisions about the presence, degree, and type of hearing loss in individuals in whom behavioral hearing thresholds cannot be obtained or are not reliable. Although the test is objective, interpretation of the results is subjective.
Method
This review provides information about evidence-based criteria, suggested by the 2013 Newborn Hearing Screening Program guidelines, and the use of cross-check methods for making valid interpretations about hearing status from ABR recordings.
Results
The use of an appropriate display scale setting, templates of expected response properties, and objective criteria to estimate the residual noise, signal level, and signal-to-noise ratio will provide quality data for determining ABR thresholds. Cross-checks (e.g., immittance measures, otoacoustic emissions testing, functional indications of a child's hearing) are also needed to accurately interpret the ABR.
Conclusions
Using evidence-based ABR signal detection criteria and considering the results within the context of other physiologic tests and assessments of hearing function will improve the clinician's accuracy for detecting hearing loss and, when present, the degree of hearing loss. Diagnostic accuracy will ensure that appropriate remediation is initiated and that children or infants with normal hearing are not subjected to unnecessary intervention.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E4sxR4
via IFTTT
Clinicians' Guide to Obtaining a Valid Auditory Brainstem Response to Determine Hearing Status: Signal, Noise, and Cross-Checks
Purpose
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a powerful tool for making clinical decisions about the presence, degree, and type of hearing loss in individuals in whom behavioral hearing thresholds cannot be obtained or are not reliable. Although the test is objective, interpretation of the results is subjective.
Method
This review provides information about evidence-based criteria, suggested by the 2013 Newborn Hearing Screening Program guidelines, and the use of cross-check methods for making valid interpretations about hearing status from ABR recordings.
Results
The use of an appropriate display scale setting, templates of expected response properties, and objective criteria to estimate the residual noise, signal level, and signal-to-noise ratio will provide quality data for determining ABR thresholds. Cross-checks (e.g., immittance measures, otoacoustic emissions testing, functional indications of a child's hearing) are also needed to accurately interpret the ABR.
Conclusions
Using evidence-based ABR signal detection criteria and considering the results within the context of other physiologic tests and assessments of hearing function will improve the clinician's accuracy for detecting hearing loss and, when present, the degree of hearing loss. Diagnostic accuracy will ensure that appropriate remediation is initiated and that children or infants with normal hearing are not subjected to unnecessary intervention.from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2E4sxR4
via IFTTT
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