Objectives: Hearing loss is considered an independent risk factor for dementia. Growing evidence in animal and human studies suggest that not only hearing loss but also vestibular loss might result in cognitive deficits. The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of spatial and nonspatial cognitive deficits in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. As different causes of bilateral vestibulopathy are associated with hearing loss, the objective is to evaluate if these cognitive deficits are due to the vestibular loss of the patients with bilateral vestibulopathy, or to their hearing loss, or both. Design: We performed a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. (1) Data sources: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library. (2) Study selection: Cross-sectional studies investigating cognitive performances in human patients with bilateral vestibulopathy confirmed by quantitative vestibular testing. (3) Data extraction: Independent extraction of articles by three authors using predefined data fields, including patient- and control characteristics and cognitive outcomes. Results: Ten studies reporting on 126 patients with bilateral vestibulopathy matched the inclusion criteria. Cognitive domains evaluated in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy included visuospatial abilities, memory, language, attention, and executive function. In only three studies, hearing performance of the included patients was briefly described. Nearly all studies demonstrated a significant impairment of spatial cognition in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. In the few papers investigating nonspatial cognition, worse outcome was demonstrated in patients with bilateral vestibular loss performing cognitive tasks assessing attentional performance, memory, and executive function. Conclusions: Strong evidence exists that patients with bilateral vestibulopathy suffer from impaired spatial cognition. Recent studies even suggest impairment in other cognitive domains than spatial cognition. However, in all previous studies, conclusions on the link between cognitive performance and vestibular loss were drawn without taken hearing loss into consideration as a possible cause of the cognitive impairment. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.ear-hearing.com). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: B.D. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the date. O.P. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the data; B.B. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the data; G.M. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. P.V.d.H. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. V.V.R. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address for correspondence: Bieke Dobbels, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, Hoogveld 10, Bus 001, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail: bieke.dobbels@uza.be Received March 27, 2018; accepted October 1, 2018. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Πέμπτη 15 Νοεμβρίου 2018
Impact of Bilateral Vestibulopathy on Spatial and Nonspatial Cognition: A Systematic Review
Objectives: Hearing loss is considered an independent risk factor for dementia. Growing evidence in animal and human studies suggest that not only hearing loss but also vestibular loss might result in cognitive deficits. The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of spatial and nonspatial cognitive deficits in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. As different causes of bilateral vestibulopathy are associated with hearing loss, the objective is to evaluate if these cognitive deficits are due to the vestibular loss of the patients with bilateral vestibulopathy, or to their hearing loss, or both. Design: We performed a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. (1) Data sources: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library. (2) Study selection: Cross-sectional studies investigating cognitive performances in human patients with bilateral vestibulopathy confirmed by quantitative vestibular testing. (3) Data extraction: Independent extraction of articles by three authors using predefined data fields, including patient- and control characteristics and cognitive outcomes. Results: Ten studies reporting on 126 patients with bilateral vestibulopathy matched the inclusion criteria. Cognitive domains evaluated in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy included visuospatial abilities, memory, language, attention, and executive function. In only three studies, hearing performance of the included patients was briefly described. Nearly all studies demonstrated a significant impairment of spatial cognition in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. In the few papers investigating nonspatial cognition, worse outcome was demonstrated in patients with bilateral vestibular loss performing cognitive tasks assessing attentional performance, memory, and executive function. Conclusions: Strong evidence exists that patients with bilateral vestibulopathy suffer from impaired spatial cognition. Recent studies even suggest impairment in other cognitive domains than spatial cognition. However, in all previous studies, conclusions on the link between cognitive performance and vestibular loss were drawn without taken hearing loss into consideration as a possible cause of the cognitive impairment. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.ear-hearing.com). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: B.D. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the date. O.P. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the data; B.B. contributed with the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis or interpretation of the data; G.M. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. P.V.d.H. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. V.V.R. contributed with the study concept and design, analysis or interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content, and study supervision. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Address for correspondence: Bieke Dobbels, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, Hoogveld 10, Bus 001, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail: bieke.dobbels@uza.be Received March 27, 2018; accepted October 1, 2018. Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Speech Intervention Outcomes Associated With Word Lexicality and Intervention Intensity
Purpose
This study examined how lexical representations and intervention intensity affect phonological acquisition and generalization in children with speech sound disorders.
Method
Using a single-subject multiple baseline design, 24 children with speech sound disorders (3;6 to 6;10 [years;months]) were split into 3 word lexicality types targeting word-initial complex singleton phonemes: /ɹ l ʧ θ/. Specifically, academic vocabulary words, nonwords (NWs), and high-frequency (HF) words were contrasted. Intervention intensity was examined by comparing the performance of 12 children who completed eleven 50-min sessions (4 children/word type) to the performance of 12 who completed 19 sessions (4 children/word type). Children's production accuracy of their treated phonemes and overall percent consonants correct values were used to measure phonological generalization via percentage accuracy scores and d scores.
Results
All word lexicality conditions elicited phonological change, suggesting that academic vocabulary words, NWs, and HF words are viable intervention targets. Group mean averages were similarly high for the NWs and HF words, although children in the NW condition demonstrated more consistent phonological gains. Children who received 19 intervention sessions achieved 6 times more gains in treated sound accuracy than did children who received 11 sessions.
Conclusions
Word lexicality did not significantly influence children's intervention outcomes. More intensive intervention, as characterized by the number sessions, resulted in greater phonological change than did a shorter intervention program. Intervention intensity outcomes should be considered when establishing best practices for speech intervention scheduling.
Supplemental Material
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Speech Intervention Outcomes Associated With Word Lexicality and Intervention Intensity
Purpose
This study examined how lexical representations and intervention intensity affect phonological acquisition and generalization in children with speech sound disorders.
Method
Using a single-subject multiple baseline design, 24 children with speech sound disorders (3;6 to 6;10 [years;months]) were split into 3 word lexicality types targeting word-initial complex singleton phonemes: /ɹ l ʧ θ/. Specifically, academic vocabulary words, nonwords (NWs), and high-frequency (HF) words were contrasted. Intervention intensity was examined by comparing the performance of 12 children who completed eleven 50-min sessions (4 children/word type) to the performance of 12 who completed 19 sessions (4 children/word type). Children's production accuracy of their treated phonemes and overall percent consonants correct values were used to measure phonological generalization via percentage accuracy scores and d scores.
Results
All word lexicality conditions elicited phonological change, suggesting that academic vocabulary words, NWs, and HF words are viable intervention targets. Group mean averages were similarly high for the NWs and HF words, although children in the NW condition demonstrated more consistent phonological gains. Children who received 19 intervention sessions achieved 6 times more gains in treated sound accuracy than did children who received 11 sessions.
Conclusions
Word lexicality did not significantly influence children's intervention outcomes. More intensive intervention, as characterized by the number sessions, resulted in greater phonological change than did a shorter intervention program. Intervention intensity outcomes should be considered when establishing best practices for speech intervention scheduling.
Supplemental Material
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Editorial Board
Publication date: January 2019
Source: Gait & Posture, Volume 67
Author(s):
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Validity of the Gait Variability Index for individuals after a stroke in a chronic stage of recovery
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Gait & Posture
Author(s): Agnieszka Guzik, Mariusz Drużbicki, Grzegorz Przysada, Andżelina Wolan-Nieroda, Magdalena Szczepanik, Katarzyna Bazarnik-Mucha, Andrzej Kwolek
Abstract
Background
Increased variability in spatiotemporal variables has been demonstrated in individuals after stroke. Gait Variability Index (GVI) has recently been proposed, potentially to be used as a standardized tool for quantifying gait impairment due to spatiotemporal variables. The experience with the GVI in patients after stroke is unknown.
Research question
: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the GVI as an outcome measure of gait disturbance after stroke.
Methods
50 individuals (mean age 60.9 ± 11.2 years) after stroke at a chronic phase of recovery were included. The control group comprised 50 healthy subjects without gait disorders, matched for age and gender. Data on functional mobility and spatiotemporal gait parameters (BTS Smart system) was collected.
Results
The results showed lower mean GVI (mGVI) scores (mean 78.53 ± 6.12), lower GVI for the affected leg (mean 76.32 ± 7.98) and for the unaffected leg (mean 80.74 ± 4.68) in the individuals after stroke compared to the healthy subjects (mean 98.00 ± 6.32). This was significantly different from the control group mean for both mGVI, affected and unaffected leg - p < 0.001. The GVI for the affected leg and unaffected leg as well as the mGVI were significantly correlated with all clinical measures of functional mobility (0.7≤R|<0.9, 0.5≤|R|<0.7, p < 0.001).
Significance
The validity of the GVI appears to be confirmed for individuals after stroke at a chronic stage of recovery. The GVI is lower in individuals after stroke compared to healthy controls. The GVI showed moderate to strong correlations with validated clinical measures of functional mobility. Application of the GVI in the clinical practice will significantly facilitate assessment of gait in individuals after stroke, in comparison to the necessity to interpret a large number of data from 3-dimensional gait analysis.
Clinical trial registration: Data are parts of the following clinical trial: ACTRN12617000436370 (anzctr.org.au)
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Influence of accuracy constraints on bimanual coordination and gait performance in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Gait & Posture
Author(s): Hung Ya-Ching
Abstract
Background
Children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) have both upper and lower extremities movement impairments of their more affected side. Many daily activities require whole body movement control. However, most studies for children with USCP only evaluated either upper or lower extremity impairments.
Research Question
The present study aimed to assess the effects of accuracy constraints on walking and bimanual coordination for children with USCP during a whole body task.
Methods
Ten children with USCP (age: 7-12 years; GMFCS levels: I - II) and ten age-matched typically-developed children (TDC) participated in the study. They were asked to walk and carry a water bottle with and without a cap using a tray at a preferred speed while 3-D kinematic analyses were performed. The two tasks of carrying a water bottle with and without a cap were each performed 5 trials with randomized order between participants.
Results
TDC significantly decreased their walking speed, stride length, height differences between the two hands (symmetric bimanual coordination), vertical hand movement, and elbow joint excursion under higher accuracy constraints with no water bottle cap. Children with USCP showed significantly decreased walking speed, vertical hand movement, and elbow joint excursion under higher accuracy constraints. Children with USCP also significantly decreased walking deviation of line of progression.
Significance
It is exciting to see that children with USCP GMFCS levels I and II were able to maintain their bimanual coordination and modify their gait performance under higher accuracy constraints. Therefore, future treatments or assessments could consider manipulating accuracy constraints even during complex whole body tasks for children with USCP.
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Editorial Board
Publication date: December 2018
Source: Hearing Research, Volume 370
Author(s):
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Neural Crest Contributions to the Ear: Implications for Congenital Hearing Disorders
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Hearing Research
Author(s): K. Elaine Ritter, Donna M. Martin
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Editorial Board
Publication date: January 2019
Source: Gait & Posture, Volume 67
Author(s):
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Validity of the Gait Variability Index for individuals after a stroke in a chronic stage of recovery
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Gait & Posture
Author(s): Agnieszka Guzik, Mariusz Drużbicki, Grzegorz Przysada, Andżelina Wolan-Nieroda, Magdalena Szczepanik, Katarzyna Bazarnik-Mucha, Andrzej Kwolek
Abstract
Background
Increased variability in spatiotemporal variables has been demonstrated in individuals after stroke. Gait Variability Index (GVI) has recently been proposed, potentially to be used as a standardized tool for quantifying gait impairment due to spatiotemporal variables. The experience with the GVI in patients after stroke is unknown.
Research question
: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the GVI as an outcome measure of gait disturbance after stroke.
Methods
50 individuals (mean age 60.9 ± 11.2 years) after stroke at a chronic phase of recovery were included. The control group comprised 50 healthy subjects without gait disorders, matched for age and gender. Data on functional mobility and spatiotemporal gait parameters (BTS Smart system) was collected.
Results
The results showed lower mean GVI (mGVI) scores (mean 78.53 ± 6.12), lower GVI for the affected leg (mean 76.32 ± 7.98) and for the unaffected leg (mean 80.74 ± 4.68) in the individuals after stroke compared to the healthy subjects (mean 98.00 ± 6.32). This was significantly different from the control group mean for both mGVI, affected and unaffected leg - p < 0.001. The GVI for the affected leg and unaffected leg as well as the mGVI were significantly correlated with all clinical measures of functional mobility (0.7≤R|<0.9, 0.5≤|R|<0.7, p < 0.001).
Significance
The validity of the GVI appears to be confirmed for individuals after stroke at a chronic stage of recovery. The GVI is lower in individuals after stroke compared to healthy controls. The GVI showed moderate to strong correlations with validated clinical measures of functional mobility. Application of the GVI in the clinical practice will significantly facilitate assessment of gait in individuals after stroke, in comparison to the necessity to interpret a large number of data from 3-dimensional gait analysis.
Clinical trial registration: Data are parts of the following clinical trial: ACTRN12617000436370 (anzctr.org.au)
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Influence of accuracy constraints on bimanual coordination and gait performance in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Gait & Posture
Author(s): Hung Ya-Ching
Abstract
Background
Children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) have both upper and lower extremities movement impairments of their more affected side. Many daily activities require whole body movement control. However, most studies for children with USCP only evaluated either upper or lower extremity impairments.
Research Question
The present study aimed to assess the effects of accuracy constraints on walking and bimanual coordination for children with USCP during a whole body task.
Methods
Ten children with USCP (age: 7-12 years; GMFCS levels: I - II) and ten age-matched typically-developed children (TDC) participated in the study. They were asked to walk and carry a water bottle with and without a cap using a tray at a preferred speed while 3-D kinematic analyses were performed. The two tasks of carrying a water bottle with and without a cap were each performed 5 trials with randomized order between participants.
Results
TDC significantly decreased their walking speed, stride length, height differences between the two hands (symmetric bimanual coordination), vertical hand movement, and elbow joint excursion under higher accuracy constraints with no water bottle cap. Children with USCP showed significantly decreased walking speed, vertical hand movement, and elbow joint excursion under higher accuracy constraints. Children with USCP also significantly decreased walking deviation of line of progression.
Significance
It is exciting to see that children with USCP GMFCS levels I and II were able to maintain their bimanual coordination and modify their gait performance under higher accuracy constraints. Therefore, future treatments or assessments could consider manipulating accuracy constraints even during complex whole body tasks for children with USCP.
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Editorial Board
Publication date: December 2018
Source: Hearing Research, Volume 370
Author(s):
from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader https://ift.tt/2zdSY35
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Neural Crest Contributions to the Ear: Implications for Congenital Hearing Disorders
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Hearing Research
Author(s): K. Elaine Ritter, Donna M. Martin
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Dynamic Postural Stability and Hearing Preservation after Cochlear Implantation.
| Related Articles |
Dynamic Postural Stability and Hearing Preservation after Cochlear Implantation.
Audiol Neurootol. 2018 Nov 14;23(4):222-228
Authors: Buhl C, Artemiev D, Pfiffner F, Swanenburg J, Veraguth D, Roosli C, Huber A, Dalbert A
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess dynamic postural stability before and after cochlear implantation using a functional gait assessment (FGA). (2) To evaluate the correlation between loss of residual hearing and changes in dynamic postural stability after cochlear implantation.
METHODS: Candidates for first-sided cochlear implantation were prospectively included. The FGAs and pure-tone audiograms were performed before and 4-6 weeks after cochlear implantation.
RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were included. Forty-eight percent (n = 11) showed FGA performance below the age-referenced norm before surgery. One subject had a clinically relevant decrease of the FGA score after cochlear implantation. No significant difference between the mean pre- and postoperative FGA scores was detectable (p = 0.4). Postoperative hearing loss showed no correlation with a change in FGA score after surgery (r = 0.3, p = 0.3, n = 16).
CONCLUSION: Single-sided cochlear implantation does not adversely affect dynamic postural stability 5 weeks after surgery. Loss of functional residual hearing is not correlated with a decrease in dynamic postural stability.
PMID: 30428457 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Cognitive Involvement in Balance, Gait and Dual-Tasking in Aging: A Focused Review From a Neuroscience of Aging Perspective.
| Related Articles |
Cognitive Involvement in Balance, Gait and Dual-Tasking in Aging: A Focused Review From a Neuroscience of Aging Perspective.
Front Neurol. 2018;9:913
Authors: Li KZH, Bherer L, Mirelman A, Maidan I, Hausdorff JM
Abstract
A substantial corpus of evidence suggests that the cognitive involvement in postural control and gait increases with aging. A large portion of such studies were based on dual-task experimental designs, which typically use the simultaneous performance of a motor task (e.g., static or dynamic balancing, walking) and a continuous cognitive task (e.g., mental arithmetic, tone detection). This focused review takes a cognitive neuroscience of aging perspective in interpreting cognitive motor dual-task findings. Specifically, we consider the importance of identifying the neural circuits that are engaged by the cognitive task in relation to those that are engaged during motor task performance. Following the principle of neural overlap, dual-task interference should be greatest when the cognitive and motor tasks engage the same neural circuits. Moreover, the literature on brain aging in general, and models of dedifferentiation and compensation, in particular, suggest that in cognitive motor dual-task performance, the cognitive task engages different neural substrates in young as compared to older adults. Also considered is the concept of multisensory aging, and the degree to which the age-related decline of other systems (e.g., vision, hearing) contribute to cognitive load. Finally, we discuss recent work on focused cognitive training, exercise and multimodal training of older adults and their effects on postural and gait outcomes. In keeping with the principle of neural overlap, the available cognitive training research suggests that targeting processes such as dividing attention and inhibition lead to improved balance and gait in older adults. However, more studies are needed that include functional neuroimaging during actual, upright performance of gait and balance tasks, in order to directly test the principle of neural overlap, and to better optimize the design of intervention studies to improve gait and posture.
PMID: 30425679 [PubMed]
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Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
| Related Articles |
Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Cañete OM, Purdy SC, Brown CRS, Neeff M, Thorne PR
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A unilateral hearing loss (UHL) can have a significant functional and social impact on children and adults, affecting their quality of life. In adults, UHL is typically associated with difficulties understanding speech in noise and sound localization, and UHL increases the self-perception of auditory disability for a range of listening situations. Furthermore, despite evidence for the negative effects of reduced unilateral auditory input on the neural encoding of binaural cues, the perceptual consequences of these changes are still not well understood.
PURPOSE: Determine effects of UHL on auditory abilities and speech-evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs).
RESEARCH DESIGN: CAEPs, sound localization, speech perception in noise and self-perception of auditory abilities (speech, spatial, and qualities hearing scale) were assessed.
STUDY SAMPLE: Thirteen adults with UHL with a range of etiologies, duration of hearing loss, and severity and a control group of eleven binaural listeners with normal hearing.
RESULTS: Participants with UHL varied greatly in their ability to localize sound and reported speech recognition and listening effort were the greatest problem. There was a greater effect of right ear than left ear hearing loss on N1 amplitude hemispheric asymmetry and N1 latencies evoked by speech syllables in noise. As duration of hearing loss increased, contralateral dominance (N1 amplitude asymmetry) decreased. N1 amplitudes correlated with speech scores, larger N1 amplitudes were associated with better speech recognition in noise scores. N1 latencies are delayed (in the better ear) and amplitude hemisphere asymmetry differed across UHL participants as function of side of deafness, mainly for right-sided deafness.
CONCLUSION: UHL affects a range of auditory abilities, including speech detection in noise, sound localization, and self-perceived hearing disability. CAEPs elicited by speech sounds are sensitive enough to evidence changes within the auditory cortex due to an UHL.
PMID: 30424835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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via IFTTT
Dynamic Postural Stability and Hearing Preservation after Cochlear Implantation.
| Related Articles |
Dynamic Postural Stability and Hearing Preservation after Cochlear Implantation.
Audiol Neurootol. 2018 Nov 14;23(4):222-228
Authors: Buhl C, Artemiev D, Pfiffner F, Swanenburg J, Veraguth D, Roosli C, Huber A, Dalbert A
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess dynamic postural stability before and after cochlear implantation using a functional gait assessment (FGA). (2) To evaluate the correlation between loss of residual hearing and changes in dynamic postural stability after cochlear implantation.
METHODS: Candidates for first-sided cochlear implantation were prospectively included. The FGAs and pure-tone audiograms were performed before and 4-6 weeks after cochlear implantation.
RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were included. Forty-eight percent (n = 11) showed FGA performance below the age-referenced norm before surgery. One subject had a clinically relevant decrease of the FGA score after cochlear implantation. No significant difference between the mean pre- and postoperative FGA scores was detectable (p = 0.4). Postoperative hearing loss showed no correlation with a change in FGA score after surgery (r = 0.3, p = 0.3, n = 16).
CONCLUSION: Single-sided cochlear implantation does not adversely affect dynamic postural stability 5 weeks after surgery. Loss of functional residual hearing is not correlated with a decrease in dynamic postural stability.
PMID: 30428457 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Cognitive Involvement in Balance, Gait and Dual-Tasking in Aging: A Focused Review From a Neuroscience of Aging Perspective.
| Related Articles |
Cognitive Involvement in Balance, Gait and Dual-Tasking in Aging: A Focused Review From a Neuroscience of Aging Perspective.
Front Neurol. 2018;9:913
Authors: Li KZH, Bherer L, Mirelman A, Maidan I, Hausdorff JM
Abstract
A substantial corpus of evidence suggests that the cognitive involvement in postural control and gait increases with aging. A large portion of such studies were based on dual-task experimental designs, which typically use the simultaneous performance of a motor task (e.g., static or dynamic balancing, walking) and a continuous cognitive task (e.g., mental arithmetic, tone detection). This focused review takes a cognitive neuroscience of aging perspective in interpreting cognitive motor dual-task findings. Specifically, we consider the importance of identifying the neural circuits that are engaged by the cognitive task in relation to those that are engaged during motor task performance. Following the principle of neural overlap, dual-task interference should be greatest when the cognitive and motor tasks engage the same neural circuits. Moreover, the literature on brain aging in general, and models of dedifferentiation and compensation, in particular, suggest that in cognitive motor dual-task performance, the cognitive task engages different neural substrates in young as compared to older adults. Also considered is the concept of multisensory aging, and the degree to which the age-related decline of other systems (e.g., vision, hearing) contribute to cognitive load. Finally, we discuss recent work on focused cognitive training, exercise and multimodal training of older adults and their effects on postural and gait outcomes. In keeping with the principle of neural overlap, the available cognitive training research suggests that targeting processes such as dividing attention and inhibition lead to improved balance and gait in older adults. However, more studies are needed that include functional neuroimaging during actual, upright performance of gait and balance tasks, in order to directly test the principle of neural overlap, and to better optimize the design of intervention studies to improve gait and posture.
PMID: 30425679 [PubMed]
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Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
| Related Articles |
Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Cañete OM, Purdy SC, Brown CRS, Neeff M, Thorne PR
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A unilateral hearing loss (UHL) can have a significant functional and social impact on children and adults, affecting their quality of life. In adults, UHL is typically associated with difficulties understanding speech in noise and sound localization, and UHL increases the self-perception of auditory disability for a range of listening situations. Furthermore, despite evidence for the negative effects of reduced unilateral auditory input on the neural encoding of binaural cues, the perceptual consequences of these changes are still not well understood.
PURPOSE: Determine effects of UHL on auditory abilities and speech-evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs).
RESEARCH DESIGN: CAEPs, sound localization, speech perception in noise and self-perception of auditory abilities (speech, spatial, and qualities hearing scale) were assessed.
STUDY SAMPLE: Thirteen adults with UHL with a range of etiologies, duration of hearing loss, and severity and a control group of eleven binaural listeners with normal hearing.
RESULTS: Participants with UHL varied greatly in their ability to localize sound and reported speech recognition and listening effort were the greatest problem. There was a greater effect of right ear than left ear hearing loss on N1 amplitude hemispheric asymmetry and N1 latencies evoked by speech syllables in noise. As duration of hearing loss increased, contralateral dominance (N1 amplitude asymmetry) decreased. N1 amplitudes correlated with speech scores, larger N1 amplitudes were associated with better speech recognition in noise scores. N1 latencies are delayed (in the better ear) and amplitude hemisphere asymmetry differed across UHL participants as function of side of deafness, mainly for right-sided deafness.
CONCLUSION: UHL affects a range of auditory abilities, including speech detection in noise, sound localization, and self-perceived hearing disability. CAEPs elicited by speech sounds are sensitive enough to evidence changes within the auditory cortex due to an UHL.
PMID: 30424835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Editorial Board
Publication date: December 2018
Source: Hearing Research, Volume 370
Author(s):
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Neural Crest Contributions to the Ear: Implications for Congenital Hearing Disorders
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Hearing Research
Author(s): K. Elaine Ritter, Donna M. Martin
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Editorial Board
Publication date: December 2018
Source: Hearing Research, Volume 370
Author(s):
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Neural Crest Contributions to the Ear: Implications for Congenital Hearing Disorders
Publication date: Available online 14 November 2018
Source: Hearing Research
Author(s): K. Elaine Ritter, Donna M. Martin
Abstract
Congenital hearing disorders affect millions of children worldwide and can significantly impact acquisition of speech and language. Efforts to identify the developmental genetic etiologies of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses have revealed critical roles for cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) in ear development. Cranial NCCs contribute to all portions of the ear, and defects in neural crest development can lead to neurocristopathies associated with profound hearing loss. The molecular mechanisms governing the development of neural crest derivatives within the ear are partially understood, but many questions remain. In this review, we describe recent advancements in determining neural crest contributions to the ear, how they inform our understanding of neurocristopathies, and highlight new avenues for further research using bioinformatic approaches.
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Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
| Related Articles |
Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Cañete OM, Purdy SC, Brown CRS, Neeff M, Thorne PR
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A unilateral hearing loss (UHL) can have a significant functional and social impact on children and adults, affecting their quality of life. In adults, UHL is typically associated with difficulties understanding speech in noise and sound localization, and UHL increases the self-perception of auditory disability for a range of listening situations. Furthermore, despite evidence for the negative effects of reduced unilateral auditory input on the neural encoding of binaural cues, the perceptual consequences of these changes are still not well understood.
PURPOSE: Determine effects of UHL on auditory abilities and speech-evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs).
RESEARCH DESIGN: CAEPs, sound localization, speech perception in noise and self-perception of auditory abilities (speech, spatial, and qualities hearing scale) were assessed.
STUDY SAMPLE: Thirteen adults with UHL with a range of etiologies, duration of hearing loss, and severity and a control group of eleven binaural listeners with normal hearing.
RESULTS: Participants with UHL varied greatly in their ability to localize sound and reported speech recognition and listening effort were the greatest problem. There was a greater effect of right ear than left ear hearing loss on N1 amplitude hemispheric asymmetry and N1 latencies evoked by speech syllables in noise. As duration of hearing loss increased, contralateral dominance (N1 amplitude asymmetry) decreased. N1 amplitudes correlated with speech scores, larger N1 amplitudes were associated with better speech recognition in noise scores. N1 latencies are delayed (in the better ear) and amplitude hemisphere asymmetry differed across UHL participants as function of side of deafness, mainly for right-sided deafness.
CONCLUSION: UHL affects a range of auditory abilities, including speech detection in noise, sound localization, and self-perceived hearing disability. CAEPs elicited by speech sounds are sensitive enough to evidence changes within the auditory cortex due to an UHL.
PMID: 30424835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Dizziness, Vertigo, and Mental Health Comorbidity in Gulf War Veterans.
| Related Articles |
Dizziness, Vertigo, and Mental Health Comorbidity in Gulf War Veterans.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Fox A, Riska K, Tseng CL, McCarron K, Satcher S, Osinubi O, Helmer D
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic condition involving symptoms across multiple body systems. Previous research has implicated the vestibular system as a potential underlying factor in the symptoms experienced by veterans with GWI, due in part to exposure to potentially ototoxic chemicals and events.
PURPOSE: To characterize the presence of vertigo and dizziness symptoms in a sample of veterans with GWI using validated self-report instruments, accounting for mental health comorbidities.
RESEARCH DESIGN: This is a case series, follow-up, prospective interview of clinical veterans; results presented are purely descriptive.
STUDY SAMPLE: Our sample of 50 veterans was a follow-up to a case series of clinical Gulf War veterans evaluated at the War Related Illness and Injury Study Center.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Veterans participated in a 70-min phone interview where the following questionnaires were administered: Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS), Patient Health Questionnaire (depression scale), Patient Health Questionnaire (somatization scale), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist, Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire, and GWI (Kansas) Questionnaire. We used descriptive (mean/median, standard deviation, interquartile range, and percentage) statistics to describe our sample and illuminate possible relationships between measures.
RESULTS: Our primary finding is a substantial report of vertigo symptoms in our sample, according to the VSS. Ninety percent of participants scored above the VSS threshold (>12), suggesting "severe dizziness." The most commonly endorsed symptom on the VSS was "headache or pressure in the head."
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is significant burden of vertigo symptoms in veterans with GWI, suggesting a need for objective tests of vestibular function in this population. Furthermore, the relationship between symptoms of vertigo and dizziness, vestibular function, and PTSD warrants further exploration using objective measures.
PMID: 30424834 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Wideband Absorbance Measurements at Tympanometric Peak Pressure and 0 daPa.
| Related Articles |
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Wideband Absorbance Measurements at Tympanometric Peak Pressure and 0 daPa.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Aithal S, Aithal V, Kei J, Anderson S, Liebenberg S
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although wideband absorbance (WBA) provides important information about middle ear function, there is limited research on the use of WBA to evaluate eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). To date, WBA obtained under pressurized condition has not been used to evaluate ETD.
PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to compare WBA at 0 daPa and tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) conditions in healthy ears and ears with ETD.
Research Design: A cross-sectional study design was used.
Study Sample: A total of 102 healthy ears from 79 participants (mean age = 10.0 yr) and 43 ears from 32 patients with ETD (mean age = 16.0 yr) were included in this cross-sectional study. WBA was measured at 0 daPa (WBA₀) and TPP WBA at TPP (WBATPP).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: WBA results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests with the Bonferroni correction. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to the data.
RESULTS: WBA₀ was significantly lower in the ETD group than in the control group. The WBA₀ of the control group demonstrated a broad peak between 1.25 and 4 kHz, whereas the WBA₀ of the ETD group had a peak between 2.5 and 4 kHz. WBATPP of the ETD group approached values close to that of the control group. In the control group, WBATPP was only 0.06 to 0.09 higher than WBA₀, whereas in the ETD group, WBATPP was 0.29 to 0.42 higher than WBA₀ between 0.6 and 1.5 kHz. A differential pattern of WBA at TPP relative to 0 daPa was observed between ears with ETD and ears with otitis media with effusion (OME) and negative middle ear pressure (NMEP).
CONCLUSIONS: Hence, a comparison of WBA₀ and WBATPP can provide potentially useful diagnostic information, and hence can be used as an adjunct tool to evaluate ETD. This is important especially in young children or some adults who are unable to perform maneuvers such as Toynbee or Valsalva during ETD assessment. Further research is needed to verify the results using test performance measures to determine whether WBA₀ and WBATPP can objectively determine the presence of ETD or OME with NMEP.
PMID: 30424833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
| Related Articles |
Impact of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Behavioral and Evoked Potential Measures of Auditory Function in Adults.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Cañete OM, Purdy SC, Brown CRS, Neeff M, Thorne PR
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A unilateral hearing loss (UHL) can have a significant functional and social impact on children and adults, affecting their quality of life. In adults, UHL is typically associated with difficulties understanding speech in noise and sound localization, and UHL increases the self-perception of auditory disability for a range of listening situations. Furthermore, despite evidence for the negative effects of reduced unilateral auditory input on the neural encoding of binaural cues, the perceptual consequences of these changes are still not well understood.
PURPOSE: Determine effects of UHL on auditory abilities and speech-evoked cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs).
RESEARCH DESIGN: CAEPs, sound localization, speech perception in noise and self-perception of auditory abilities (speech, spatial, and qualities hearing scale) were assessed.
STUDY SAMPLE: Thirteen adults with UHL with a range of etiologies, duration of hearing loss, and severity and a control group of eleven binaural listeners with normal hearing.
RESULTS: Participants with UHL varied greatly in their ability to localize sound and reported speech recognition and listening effort were the greatest problem. There was a greater effect of right ear than left ear hearing loss on N1 amplitude hemispheric asymmetry and N1 latencies evoked by speech syllables in noise. As duration of hearing loss increased, contralateral dominance (N1 amplitude asymmetry) decreased. N1 amplitudes correlated with speech scores, larger N1 amplitudes were associated with better speech recognition in noise scores. N1 latencies are delayed (in the better ear) and amplitude hemisphere asymmetry differed across UHL participants as function of side of deafness, mainly for right-sided deafness.
CONCLUSION: UHL affects a range of auditory abilities, including speech detection in noise, sound localization, and self-perceived hearing disability. CAEPs elicited by speech sounds are sensitive enough to evidence changes within the auditory cortex due to an UHL.
PMID: 30424835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Dizziness, Vertigo, and Mental Health Comorbidity in Gulf War Veterans.
| Related Articles |
Dizziness, Vertigo, and Mental Health Comorbidity in Gulf War Veterans.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Fox A, Riska K, Tseng CL, McCarron K, Satcher S, Osinubi O, Helmer D
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic condition involving symptoms across multiple body systems. Previous research has implicated the vestibular system as a potential underlying factor in the symptoms experienced by veterans with GWI, due in part to exposure to potentially ototoxic chemicals and events.
PURPOSE: To characterize the presence of vertigo and dizziness symptoms in a sample of veterans with GWI using validated self-report instruments, accounting for mental health comorbidities.
RESEARCH DESIGN: This is a case series, follow-up, prospective interview of clinical veterans; results presented are purely descriptive.
STUDY SAMPLE: Our sample of 50 veterans was a follow-up to a case series of clinical Gulf War veterans evaluated at the War Related Illness and Injury Study Center.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Veterans participated in a 70-min phone interview where the following questionnaires were administered: Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS), Patient Health Questionnaire (depression scale), Patient Health Questionnaire (somatization scale), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist, Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire, and GWI (Kansas) Questionnaire. We used descriptive (mean/median, standard deviation, interquartile range, and percentage) statistics to describe our sample and illuminate possible relationships between measures.
RESULTS: Our primary finding is a substantial report of vertigo symptoms in our sample, according to the VSS. Ninety percent of participants scored above the VSS threshold (>12), suggesting "severe dizziness." The most commonly endorsed symptom on the VSS was "headache or pressure in the head."
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is significant burden of vertigo symptoms in veterans with GWI, suggesting a need for objective tests of vestibular function in this population. Furthermore, the relationship between symptoms of vertigo and dizziness, vestibular function, and PTSD warrants further exploration using objective measures.
PMID: 30424834 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Wideband Absorbance Measurements at Tympanometric Peak Pressure and 0 daPa.
| Related Articles |
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Wideband Absorbance Measurements at Tympanometric Peak Pressure and 0 daPa.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2018 Nov 14;:
Authors: Aithal S, Aithal V, Kei J, Anderson S, Liebenberg S
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although wideband absorbance (WBA) provides important information about middle ear function, there is limited research on the use of WBA to evaluate eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). To date, WBA obtained under pressurized condition has not been used to evaluate ETD.
PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to compare WBA at 0 daPa and tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) conditions in healthy ears and ears with ETD.
Research Design: A cross-sectional study design was used.
Study Sample: A total of 102 healthy ears from 79 participants (mean age = 10.0 yr) and 43 ears from 32 patients with ETD (mean age = 16.0 yr) were included in this cross-sectional study. WBA was measured at 0 daPa (WBA₀) and TPP WBA at TPP (WBATPP).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: WBA results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests with the Bonferroni correction. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was applied to the data.
RESULTS: WBA₀ was significantly lower in the ETD group than in the control group. The WBA₀ of the control group demonstrated a broad peak between 1.25 and 4 kHz, whereas the WBA₀ of the ETD group had a peak between 2.5 and 4 kHz. WBATPP of the ETD group approached values close to that of the control group. In the control group, WBATPP was only 0.06 to 0.09 higher than WBA₀, whereas in the ETD group, WBATPP was 0.29 to 0.42 higher than WBA₀ between 0.6 and 1.5 kHz. A differential pattern of WBA at TPP relative to 0 daPa was observed between ears with ETD and ears with otitis media with effusion (OME) and negative middle ear pressure (NMEP).
CONCLUSIONS: Hence, a comparison of WBA₀ and WBATPP can provide potentially useful diagnostic information, and hence can be used as an adjunct tool to evaluate ETD. This is important especially in young children or some adults who are unable to perform maneuvers such as Toynbee or Valsalva during ETD assessment. Further research is needed to verify the results using test performance measures to determine whether WBA₀ and WBATPP can objectively determine the presence of ETD or OME with NMEP.
PMID: 30424833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Normalizing cVEMPs: Which Method Is the Most Effective?
Objectives: To determine the most effective method for normalizing cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs). Design: cVEMP data from 20 subjects with normal hearing and vestibular function were normalized using 16 combinations of methods, each using one of the 4 modes of electromyogram (EMG) quantification described below. All methods used the peak to peak value of an averaged cVEMP waveform (VEMPpp) and obtained a normalized cVEMP by dividing VEMPpp by a measure of the EMG amplitude. EMG metrics were obtained from the EMG within short- and long-duration time windows. EMG amplitude was quantified by its root-mean-square (RMS) or average full-wave-rectified (RECT) value. The EMG amplitude was used by (a) dividing each individual trace by the EMG of this specific trace, (b) dividing VEMPpp by the average RMS or RECT of the individual trace EMG, (c) dividing the VEMPpp by an EMG metric obtained from the average cVEMP waveform, or (d) dividing the VEMPpp by an EMG metric obtained from an average cVEMP “noise” waveform. Normalization methods were compared by the normalized cVEMP coefficient of variation across subjects and by the area under the curve from a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. A separate analysis of the effect of EMG-window duration was done. Results: There were large disparities in the results from different normalization methods. The best methods used EMG metrics from individual-trace EMG measurements, not from part of the average cVEMP waveform. EMG quantification by RMS or RECT produced similar results. For most EMG quantifications, longer window durations were better in producing receiver-operating-characteristic with high areas under the curve. However, even short window durations worked well when the EMG metric was calculated from the average RMS or RECT of the individual-trace EMGs. Calculating the EMG from a long-duration window of a cVEMP “noise” average waveform was almost as good as the individual-trace-EMG methods. Conclusions: The best cVEMP normalizations use EMG quantification from individual-trace EMGs. To have the normalized cVEMPs accurately reflect the vestibular activation, a good normalization method needs to be used. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Received February 26, 2018; accepted August 17, 2018. Address for correspondence: Steven D. Rauch, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail: steven_rauch@meei.harvard.edu Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Normalizing cVEMPs: Which Method Is the Most Effective?
Objectives: To determine the most effective method for normalizing cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs). Design: cVEMP data from 20 subjects with normal hearing and vestibular function were normalized using 16 combinations of methods, each using one of the 4 modes of electromyogram (EMG) quantification described below. All methods used the peak to peak value of an averaged cVEMP waveform (VEMPpp) and obtained a normalized cVEMP by dividing VEMPpp by a measure of the EMG amplitude. EMG metrics were obtained from the EMG within short- and long-duration time windows. EMG amplitude was quantified by its root-mean-square (RMS) or average full-wave-rectified (RECT) value. The EMG amplitude was used by (a) dividing each individual trace by the EMG of this specific trace, (b) dividing VEMPpp by the average RMS or RECT of the individual trace EMG, (c) dividing the VEMPpp by an EMG metric obtained from the average cVEMP waveform, or (d) dividing the VEMPpp by an EMG metric obtained from an average cVEMP “noise” waveform. Normalization methods were compared by the normalized cVEMP coefficient of variation across subjects and by the area under the curve from a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. A separate analysis of the effect of EMG-window duration was done. Results: There were large disparities in the results from different normalization methods. The best methods used EMG metrics from individual-trace EMG measurements, not from part of the average cVEMP waveform. EMG quantification by RMS or RECT produced similar results. For most EMG quantifications, longer window durations were better in producing receiver-operating-characteristic with high areas under the curve. However, even short window durations worked well when the EMG metric was calculated from the average RMS or RECT of the individual-trace EMGs. Calculating the EMG from a long-duration window of a cVEMP “noise” average waveform was almost as good as the individual-trace-EMG methods. Conclusions: The best cVEMP normalizations use EMG quantification from individual-trace EMGs. To have the normalized cVEMPs accurately reflect the vestibular activation, a good normalization method needs to be used. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Received February 26, 2018; accepted August 17, 2018. Address for correspondence: Steven D. Rauch, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail: steven_rauch@meei.harvard.edu Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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