Abnormal auditory synchronization in stuttering: A magnetoencephalographic study

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yoshikazu Kikuchi, Tsuyoshi Okamoto, Katsuya Ogata, Koichi Hagiwara, Toshiro Umezaki, Masamutsu Kenjo, Takashi Nakagawa, Shozo Tobimatsu
In a previous magnetoencephalographic study, we showed both functional and structural reorganization of the right auditory cortex and impaired left auditory cortex function in people who stutter (PWS). In the present work, we reevaluated the same dataset to further investigate how the right and left auditory cortices interact to compensate for stuttering. We evaluated bilateral N100m latencies as well as indices of local and inter-hemispheric phase synchronization of the auditory cortices. The left N100m latency was significantly prolonged relative to the right N100m latency in PWS, while healthy control participants did not show any inter-hemispheric differences in latency. A phase-locking factor (PLF) analysis, which indicates the degree of local phase synchronization, demonstrated enhanced alpha-band synchrony in the right auditory area of PWS. A phase-locking value (PLV) analysis of inter-hemispheric synchronization demonstrated significant elevations in the beta band between the right and left auditory cortices in PWS. In addition, right PLF and PLVs were positively correlated with stuttering frequency in PWS. Taken together, our data suggest that increased right hemispheric local phase synchronization and increased inter-hemispheric phase synchronization are electrophysiological correlates of a compensatory mechanism for impaired left auditory processing in PWS.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fsU0vF
via IFTTT

Lifetime leisure music exposure associated with increased frequency of tinnitus

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): David R. Moore, Oliver Zobay, Robert C. Mackinnon, William M. Whitmer, Michael A. Akeroyd
Tinnitus has been linked to noise exposure, a common form of which is listening to music as a leisure activity. The relationship between tinnitus and type and duration of music exposure is not well understood. We conducted an internet-based population study that asked participants questions about lifetime music exposure and hearing, and included a hearing test involving speech intelligibility in noise, the High Frequency Digit Triplets Test. 4950 people aged 17 – 75 years completed all questions and the hearing test. Results were analyzed using multinomial regression models. High exposure to leisure music, hearing difficulty, increasing age and workplace noise exposure were independently associated with increased tinnitus. Three forms of music exposure (pubs/clubs, concerts, personal music players) did not differ in their relationship to tinnitus. More males than females reported tinnitus. The objective measure of speech reception threshold had only a minimal relationship with tinnitus. Self-reported hearing difficulty was more strongly associated with tinnitus, but 76% of people reporting usual or constant tinnitus also reported little or no hearing difficulty. Overall, around 40% of participants of all ages reported never experiencing tinnitus, while 29% reported sometimes, usually or constantly experiencing tinnitus that lasted more than 5 minutes. Together, the results suggest that tinnitus is much more common than hearing loss, but that there is little association between the two, especially among the younger adults disproportionately sampled in this study.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2eAiFBa
via IFTTT

Visually guided auditory attention in a dynamic “cocktail-party” speech perception task: ERP evidence for age-related differences

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Dr. Stephan Getzmann, Edmund Wascher
Speech understanding in the presence of concurring sound is a major challenge especially for older persons. In particular, conversational turn-takings usually result in switch costs, as indicated by declined speech perception after changes in the relevant target talker. Here, we investigated whether visual cues indicating the future position of a target talker may reduce the costs of switching in younger and older adults. We employed a speech perception task, in which sequences of short words were simultaneously presented by three talkers, and analysed behavioural measures and event-related potentials (ERPs). Informative cues resulted in increased performance after a spatial change in target talker compared to uninformative cues, not indicating the future target position. Especially the older participants benefited from knowing the future target position in advance, indicated by reduced response times after informative cues. The ERP analysis revealed an overall reduced N2, and a reduced P3b to changes in the target talker location in older participants, suggesting reduced inhibitory control and context updating. On the other hand, a pronounced frontal late positive complex (f-LPC) to the informative cues indicated increased allocation of attentional resources to changes in target talker in the older group, in line with the decline-compensation hypothesis. Thus, knowing where to listen has the potential to compensate for age-related decline in attentional switching in a highly variable cocktail-party environment.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2eAhq4X
via IFTTT

Damage to inner ear structure during cochlear implantation: Correlation between insertion force and radio-histological findings in temporal bone specimens

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Daniele De Seta, Renato Torres, Francesca Yoshie Russo, Evelyne Ferrary, Guillaume Kazmitcheff, Dominique Heymann, Jerome Amiaud, Olivier Sterkers, Daniele Bernardeschi, Yann Nguyen
Cochlear implant insertion should be as least traumatic as possible in order to reduce trauma to the cochlear sensory structures. The force applied to the cochlea during array insertion should be controlled to limit insertion-related damage. The relationship between insertion force and histological traumatism remains to be demonstrated. Twelve freshly frozen cadaveric temporal bones were implanted with a long straight electrodes array through an anterior extended round window insertion using a motorized insertion tool with real-time measurement of the insertion force. Anatomical parameters, measured on a pre-implantation cone beam CT scan, position of the array and force metrics were correlated with post-implantation scanning electron microscopy images and histological damage assessment. An atraumatic insertion occurred in six cochleae, a translocation in five cochleae and a basilar membrane rupture in one cochlea. The translocation always occurred in the 150- to 180-degree region. In the case of traumatic insertion, different force profiles were observed with a more irregular curve arising from the presence of an early peak force (30 ± 18.2 mN). This corresponded approximately to the first point of contact of the array with the lateral wall of the cochlea. Atraumatic and traumatic insertions had significantly different force values at the same depth of insertion (p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA), and significantly different regression lines (y = 1.34x + 0.7 for atraumatic and y = 3.37x + 0.84 for traumatic insertion, p < 0.001, ANCOVA). In the present study, the insertion force was correlated with the intracochlear trauma. The 150- to 180-degree region represented the area at risk for scalar translocation for this straight electrodes array. Insertion force curves with different sets of values were identified for traumatic and atraumatic insertions; these values should be considered during motorized insertion of an implant so as to be able to modify the insertion parameters (e.g axis of insertion) and facilitate preservation of endocochlear structures.

Graphical abstract

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fsYMtp
via IFTTT

Abnormal auditory synchronization in stuttering: A magnetoencephalographic study

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yoshikazu Kikuchi, Tsuyoshi Okamoto, Katsuya Ogata, Koichi Hagiwara, Toshiro Umezaki, Masamutsu Kenjo, Takashi Nakagawa, Shozo Tobimatsu
In a previous magnetoencephalographic study, we showed both functional and structural reorganization of the right auditory cortex and impaired left auditory cortex function in people who stutter (PWS). In the present work, we reevaluated the same dataset to further investigate how the right and left auditory cortices interact to compensate for stuttering. We evaluated bilateral N100m latencies as well as indices of local and inter-hemispheric phase synchronization of the auditory cortices. The left N100m latency was significantly prolonged relative to the right N100m latency in PWS, while healthy control participants did not show any inter-hemispheric differences in latency. A phase-locking factor (PLF) analysis, which indicates the degree of local phase synchronization, demonstrated enhanced alpha-band synchrony in the right auditory area of PWS. A phase-locking value (PLV) analysis of inter-hemispheric synchronization demonstrated significant elevations in the beta band between the right and left auditory cortices in PWS. In addition, right PLF and PLVs were positively correlated with stuttering frequency in PWS. Taken together, our data suggest that increased right hemispheric local phase synchronization and increased inter-hemispheric phase synchronization are electrophysiological correlates of a compensatory mechanism for impaired left auditory processing in PWS.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fsU0vF
via IFTTT

Lifetime leisure music exposure associated with increased frequency of tinnitus

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): David R. Moore, Oliver Zobay, Robert C. Mackinnon, William M. Whitmer, Michael A. Akeroyd
Tinnitus has been linked to noise exposure, a common form of which is listening to music as a leisure activity. The relationship between tinnitus and type and duration of music exposure is not well understood. We conducted an internet-based population study that asked participants questions about lifetime music exposure and hearing, and included a hearing test involving speech intelligibility in noise, the High Frequency Digit Triplets Test. 4950 people aged 17 – 75 years completed all questions and the hearing test. Results were analyzed using multinomial regression models. High exposure to leisure music, hearing difficulty, increasing age and workplace noise exposure were independently associated with increased tinnitus. Three forms of music exposure (pubs/clubs, concerts, personal music players) did not differ in their relationship to tinnitus. More males than females reported tinnitus. The objective measure of speech reception threshold had only a minimal relationship with tinnitus. Self-reported hearing difficulty was more strongly associated with tinnitus, but 76% of people reporting usual or constant tinnitus also reported little or no hearing difficulty. Overall, around 40% of participants of all ages reported never experiencing tinnitus, while 29% reported sometimes, usually or constantly experiencing tinnitus that lasted more than 5 minutes. Together, the results suggest that tinnitus is much more common than hearing loss, but that there is little association between the two, especially among the younger adults disproportionately sampled in this study.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2eAiFBa
via IFTTT

Visually guided auditory attention in a dynamic “cocktail-party” speech perception task: ERP evidence for age-related differences

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Dr. Stephan Getzmann, Edmund Wascher
Speech understanding in the presence of concurring sound is a major challenge especially for older persons. In particular, conversational turn-takings usually result in switch costs, as indicated by declined speech perception after changes in the relevant target talker. Here, we investigated whether visual cues indicating the future position of a target talker may reduce the costs of switching in younger and older adults. We employed a speech perception task, in which sequences of short words were simultaneously presented by three talkers, and analysed behavioural measures and event-related potentials (ERPs). Informative cues resulted in increased performance after a spatial change in target talker compared to uninformative cues, not indicating the future target position. Especially the older participants benefited from knowing the future target position in advance, indicated by reduced response times after informative cues. The ERP analysis revealed an overall reduced N2, and a reduced P3b to changes in the target talker location in older participants, suggesting reduced inhibitory control and context updating. On the other hand, a pronounced frontal late positive complex (f-LPC) to the informative cues indicated increased allocation of attentional resources to changes in target talker in the older group, in line with the decline-compensation hypothesis. Thus, knowing where to listen has the potential to compensate for age-related decline in attentional switching in a highly variable cocktail-party environment.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2eAhq4X
via IFTTT

Damage to inner ear structure during cochlear implantation: Correlation between insertion force and radio-histological findings in temporal bone specimens

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Daniele De Seta, Renato Torres, Francesca Yoshie Russo, Evelyne Ferrary, Guillaume Kazmitcheff, Dominique Heymann, Jerome Amiaud, Olivier Sterkers, Daniele Bernardeschi, Yann Nguyen
Cochlear implant insertion should be as least traumatic as possible in order to reduce trauma to the cochlear sensory structures. The force applied to the cochlea during array insertion should be controlled to limit insertion-related damage. The relationship between insertion force and histological traumatism remains to be demonstrated. Twelve freshly frozen cadaveric temporal bones were implanted with a long straight electrodes array through an anterior extended round window insertion using a motorized insertion tool with real-time measurement of the insertion force. Anatomical parameters, measured on a pre-implantation cone beam CT scan, position of the array and force metrics were correlated with post-implantation scanning electron microscopy images and histological damage assessment. An atraumatic insertion occurred in six cochleae, a translocation in five cochleae and a basilar membrane rupture in one cochlea. The translocation always occurred in the 150- to 180-degree region. In the case of traumatic insertion, different force profiles were observed with a more irregular curve arising from the presence of an early peak force (30 ± 18.2 mN). This corresponded approximately to the first point of contact of the array with the lateral wall of the cochlea. Atraumatic and traumatic insertions had significantly different force values at the same depth of insertion (p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA), and significantly different regression lines (y = 1.34x + 0.7 for atraumatic and y = 3.37x + 0.84 for traumatic insertion, p < 0.001, ANCOVA). In the present study, the insertion force was correlated with the intracochlear trauma. The 150- to 180-degree region represented the area at risk for scalar translocation for this straight electrodes array. Insertion force curves with different sets of values were identified for traumatic and atraumatic insertions; these values should be considered during motorized insertion of an implant so as to be able to modify the insertion parameters (e.g axis of insertion) and facilitate preservation of endocochlear structures.

Graphical abstract

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fsYMtp
via IFTTT

Abnormal auditory synchronization in stuttering: A magnetoencephalographic study

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yoshikazu Kikuchi, Tsuyoshi Okamoto, Katsuya Ogata, Koichi Hagiwara, Toshiro Umezaki, Masamutsu Kenjo, Takashi Nakagawa, Shozo Tobimatsu
In a previous magnetoencephalographic study, we showed both functional and structural reorganization of the right auditory cortex and impaired left auditory cortex function in people who stutter (PWS). In the present work, we reevaluated the same dataset to further investigate how the right and left auditory cortices interact to compensate for stuttering. We evaluated bilateral N100m latencies as well as indices of local and inter-hemispheric phase synchronization of the auditory cortices. The left N100m latency was significantly prolonged relative to the right N100m latency in PWS, while healthy control participants did not show any inter-hemispheric differences in latency. A phase-locking factor (PLF) analysis, which indicates the degree of local phase synchronization, demonstrated enhanced alpha-band synchrony in the right auditory area of PWS. A phase-locking value (PLV) analysis of inter-hemispheric synchronization demonstrated significant elevations in the beta band between the right and left auditory cortices in PWS. In addition, right PLF and PLVs were positively correlated with stuttering frequency in PWS. Taken together, our data suggest that increased right hemispheric local phase synchronization and increased inter-hemispheric phase synchronization are electrophysiological correlates of a compensatory mechanism for impaired left auditory processing in PWS.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fsU0vF
via IFTTT

Lifetime leisure music exposure associated with increased frequency of tinnitus

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): David R. Moore, Oliver Zobay, Robert C. Mackinnon, William M. Whitmer, Michael A. Akeroyd
Tinnitus has been linked to noise exposure, a common form of which is listening to music as a leisure activity. The relationship between tinnitus and type and duration of music exposure is not well understood. We conducted an internet-based population study that asked participants questions about lifetime music exposure and hearing, and included a hearing test involving speech intelligibility in noise, the High Frequency Digit Triplets Test. 4950 people aged 17 – 75 years completed all questions and the hearing test. Results were analyzed using multinomial regression models. High exposure to leisure music, hearing difficulty, increasing age and workplace noise exposure were independently associated with increased tinnitus. Three forms of music exposure (pubs/clubs, concerts, personal music players) did not differ in their relationship to tinnitus. More males than females reported tinnitus. The objective measure of speech reception threshold had only a minimal relationship with tinnitus. Self-reported hearing difficulty was more strongly associated with tinnitus, but 76% of people reporting usual or constant tinnitus also reported little or no hearing difficulty. Overall, around 40% of participants of all ages reported never experiencing tinnitus, while 29% reported sometimes, usually or constantly experiencing tinnitus that lasted more than 5 minutes. Together, the results suggest that tinnitus is much more common than hearing loss, but that there is little association between the two, especially among the younger adults disproportionately sampled in this study.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2eAiFBa
via IFTTT

The effect of intracortical bone pin application on kinetics and tibiocalcaneal kinematics of walking gait

Publication date: Available online 4 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Christian Maiwald, Anton Arndt, Chris Nester, Richard Jones, Arne Lundberg, Peter Wolf
Bone anchored markers using intracortical bone pins are one of the few available methods for analyzing skeletal motion during human gait in-vivo without errors induced by soft tissue artifacts. However, bone anchored markers require local anesthesia and may alter the motor control and motor output during gait. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of local anesthesia and the use of bone anchored markers on typical gait analysis variables. Five subjects were analyzed in two different gait analysis sessions. In the first session, a protocol with skin markers was used. In the second session, bone anchored markers were added after local anesthesia was applied. For both sessions, three dimensional infrared kinematics of the calcaneus and tibia segments, ground reaction forces, and plantar pressure data were collected. 95% confidence intervals and boxplots were used to compare protocols and assess the data distribution and data variability for each subject. Although considerable variation was found between subjects, within-subject comparison of the two protocols revealed non-systematic effects on the target variables. Two of the five subjects walked at reduced gait speed during the bone pin session, which explained the between-session differences found in kinetic and kinematic variables. The remaining three subjects did not systematically alter their gait pattern between the two sessions. Results support the hypothesis that local anesthesia and the presence of bone pins still allow a valid gait pattern to be analyzed.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f4D7uv
via IFTTT

25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: a review of methodological approaches

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Pietro Picerno
Joint kinematics is typically limited to the laboratory environment, and the restricted volume of capture may vitiate the execution of the motor tasks under analysis. Conversely, clinicians often require the analysis of motor acts in non-standard environments and for long periods of time, such as in ambulatory settings or during daily life activities. The miniaturisation of motion sensors and electronic components, generally associated with wireless communications technology, has opened up a new perspective: movement analysis can be carried out outside the laboratory and at a relatively lower cost. Wearable inertial measurement units (embedding 3D accelerometers and gyroscopes), eventually associated with magnetometers, allow one to estimate segment orientation and joint angular kinematics by exploiting the laws governing the motion of a rotating rigid body. The first study which formalised the problem of the estimate of joint kinematics using inertial sensors dates back to 1990. Since then, a variety of methods have been presented over the past 25 years for the estimate of 2D and 3D joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors. The aim of the present review is to describe these approaches from a purely methodological point of view to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of all the instrumental, computational and methodological issues related to the estimate of joint kinematics when using such sensor technology.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fqd4MR
via IFTTT

The effect of intracortical bone pin application on kinetics and tibiocalcaneal kinematics of walking gait

Publication date: Available online 4 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Christian Maiwald, Anton Arndt, Chris Nester, Richard Jones, Arne Lundberg, Peter Wolf
Bone anchored markers using intracortical bone pins are one of the few available methods for analyzing skeletal motion during human gait in-vivo without errors induced by soft tissue artifacts. However, bone anchored markers require local anesthesia and may alter the motor control and motor output during gait. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of local anesthesia and the use of bone anchored markers on typical gait analysis variables. Five subjects were analyzed in two different gait analysis sessions. In the first session, a protocol with skin markers was used. In the second session, bone anchored markers were added after local anesthesia was applied. For both sessions, three dimensional infrared kinematics of the calcaneus and tibia segments, ground reaction forces, and plantar pressure data were collected. 95% confidence intervals and boxplots were used to compare protocols and assess the data distribution and data variability for each subject. Although considerable variation was found between subjects, within-subject comparison of the two protocols revealed non-systematic effects on the target variables. Two of the five subjects walked at reduced gait speed during the bone pin session, which explained the between-session differences found in kinetic and kinematic variables. The remaining three subjects did not systematically alter their gait pattern between the two sessions. Results support the hypothesis that local anesthesia and the presence of bone pins still allow a valid gait pattern to be analyzed.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f4D7uv
via IFTTT

25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: a review of methodological approaches

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Pietro Picerno
Joint kinematics is typically limited to the laboratory environment, and the restricted volume of capture may vitiate the execution of the motor tasks under analysis. Conversely, clinicians often require the analysis of motor acts in non-standard environments and for long periods of time, such as in ambulatory settings or during daily life activities. The miniaturisation of motion sensors and electronic components, generally associated with wireless communications technology, has opened up a new perspective: movement analysis can be carried out outside the laboratory and at a relatively lower cost. Wearable inertial measurement units (embedding 3D accelerometers and gyroscopes), eventually associated with magnetometers, allow one to estimate segment orientation and joint angular kinematics by exploiting the laws governing the motion of a rotating rigid body. The first study which formalised the problem of the estimate of joint kinematics using inertial sensors dates back to 1990. Since then, a variety of methods have been presented over the past 25 years for the estimate of 2D and 3D joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors. The aim of the present review is to describe these approaches from a purely methodological point of view to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of all the instrumental, computational and methodological issues related to the estimate of joint kinematics when using such sensor technology.



from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fqd4MR
via IFTTT

The effect of intracortical bone pin application on kinetics and tibiocalcaneal kinematics of walking gait

Publication date: Available online 4 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Christian Maiwald, Anton Arndt, Chris Nester, Richard Jones, Arne Lundberg, Peter Wolf
Bone anchored markers using intracortical bone pins are one of the few available methods for analyzing skeletal motion during human gait in-vivo without errors induced by soft tissue artifacts. However, bone anchored markers require local anesthesia and may alter the motor control and motor output during gait. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of local anesthesia and the use of bone anchored markers on typical gait analysis variables. Five subjects were analyzed in two different gait analysis sessions. In the first session, a protocol with skin markers was used. In the second session, bone anchored markers were added after local anesthesia was applied. For both sessions, three dimensional infrared kinematics of the calcaneus and tibia segments, ground reaction forces, and plantar pressure data were collected. 95% confidence intervals and boxplots were used to compare protocols and assess the data distribution and data variability for each subject. Although considerable variation was found between subjects, within-subject comparison of the two protocols revealed non-systematic effects on the target variables. Two of the five subjects walked at reduced gait speed during the bone pin session, which explained the between-session differences found in kinetic and kinematic variables. The remaining three subjects did not systematically alter their gait pattern between the two sessions. Results support the hypothesis that local anesthesia and the presence of bone pins still allow a valid gait pattern to be analyzed.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f4D7uv
via IFTTT

25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: a review of methodological approaches

Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Pietro Picerno
Joint kinematics is typically limited to the laboratory environment, and the restricted volume of capture may vitiate the execution of the motor tasks under analysis. Conversely, clinicians often require the analysis of motor acts in non-standard environments and for long periods of time, such as in ambulatory settings or during daily life activities. The miniaturisation of motion sensors and electronic components, generally associated with wireless communications technology, has opened up a new perspective: movement analysis can be carried out outside the laboratory and at a relatively lower cost. Wearable inertial measurement units (embedding 3D accelerometers and gyroscopes), eventually associated with magnetometers, allow one to estimate segment orientation and joint angular kinematics by exploiting the laws governing the motion of a rotating rigid body. The first study which formalised the problem of the estimate of joint kinematics using inertial sensors dates back to 1990. Since then, a variety of methods have been presented over the past 25 years for the estimate of 2D and 3D joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors. The aim of the present review is to describe these approaches from a purely methodological point of view to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of all the instrumental, computational and methodological issues related to the estimate of joint kinematics when using such sensor technology.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fqd4MR
via IFTTT

Loss of Functional Osteoprotegerin: More Than a Skeletal Problem.

Related Articles

Loss of Functional Osteoprotegerin: More Than a Skeletal Problem.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov 3;:jc20162905

Authors: Grasemannn C, Unger N, Hövel M, Arweiler-Harbeck D, Herrmann R, Schündeln MM, Müller O, Schweiger B, Lausch E, Meissner T, Kiewert C, Hauffa BP, Shaw NJ

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Juvenile Pagets disease (JPD), an ultra-rare, debilitating bone disease stemming from unopposed RANKL action due to loss of functional osteoprotegerin (OPG) is caused by recessive mutations in TNFRSF11B. A genotype-phenotype correlation spanning from mild to very severe forms is described.
AIM: To describe the complexity of the human phenotype of OPG deficiency in more detail and to investigate heterozygous mutation carriers for clinical signs of JPD.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: 3 children with JPD from families of Turkish, German and Pakistani descent and 19 family members (14 heterozygous) were investigated.
RESULTS: A new disease-causing 4 bp-duplication: c.[25-28dup];[25-28dup] in exon 1 was detected in the German patient and a homozygous microdeletion including TNFRFSF11B in the Pakistani patient. Skeletal abnormalities in all affected children included bowing deformities and fractures, contractures, short stature and skull involvement. Complex malformation of the inner ear and vestibular structures (in 2 patients) resulted in early deafness. Patients were found to be growth hormone deficient (2) displayed elevated inflammatory markers (2), nephrocalcinosis (1) gross motor (3) and mental (1) retardation. No retinal changes were observed in any of the patients. Heterozygous family members displayed low osteoprotegerin levels (12), elevated bone turnover markers (7) and osteopenia (6). Short stature (1), visual impairment (2) and hearing impairment (1) were also present.
CONCLUSION: Diminished osteoprotegerin levels cause complex changes affecting multiple organ systems, including pituitary function, in children with JPD and may cause osteopenia in heterozygous family members. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures should aim to address the complex phenotype.

PMID: 27809640 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnmydG
via IFTTT

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-6

Authors: Grimm G, Luberadzka J, Hohmann V

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Create virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) with interactive dynamic rendering for applications in audiology.
DESIGN: A toolbox for creation and rendering of dynamic virtual acoustic environments (TASCAR) that allows direct user interaction was developed for application in hearing aid research and audiology. The software architecture and the simulation methods used to produce VAEs are outlined. Example environments are described and analysed.
CONCLUSION: With the proposed software, a tool for simulation of VAEs is available. A set of VAEs rendered with the proposed software was described.

PMID: 27813439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fb2xEv
via IFTTT

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Related Articles

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Marcrum SC, Picou EM, Steffens T

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupling method on telephone-based speech recognition and perceived listening difficulty in noise for cochlear implant (CI) users. A secondary aim was to evaluate potential impacts of additional processing modifications within coupling conditions, such as activating noise reducing algorithms or muting environmental microphones.
DESIGN: Hochmair-Schulz-Moser sentences were bandpass-filtered (300-3400 Hz) and presented unilaterally either via telephone handset or advanced wireless streaming device in a background of cafeteria babble (signal-to-noise ratio =15 dB). Sentence recognition was scored at the word level and perceived listening difficulty was assessed via visual-analogue scale for each of five test conditions.
STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty native German-speaking CI users participated.
RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coupling via advanced streaming significantly improved sentence recognition and reduced listening difficulty, when compared to either telecoil or acoustic coupling configurations. In addition, program modifications further increased benefit within a coupling condition. CI users who exhibited the most difficulty during basic acoustic coupling were most likely to benefit from advanced wireless streaming.
CONCLUSION: CI users have several options for improving speech recognition and decreasing listening difficulty over the telephone when listening in noisy environments.

PMID: 27809627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnddTa
via IFTTT

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Related Articles

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Thammaiah S, Manchaiah V, Easwar V, Krishna R, McPherson B

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Hearing Handicap Questionnaire (HHQ) in Kannada (a South-Indian language) among adults with hearing loss.
DESIGN: The study involved a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic details and completed the Kannada and English (original) version of the HHQ questionnaire. To evaluate test-retest reliability, ∼50% of the participants completed the Kannada version for the second time after 15 days.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample comprised 103 adults with hearing loss recruited from local audiology clinics.
RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor structure, which explained 71% of the variance in Kannada-HHQ scores. The internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. The test-retest reliability correlations of the Kannada version with the English and with the same Kannada version re-administered after 15 days were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Convergent validity of the scale was confirmed by significant correlations with the Participation Scale and the Assessment of Quality of Life scales. Discriminant validity was found to be low as all the Kannada-HHQ questions were highly correlated with each other (r> 0.60). No floor and ceiling effects were identified.
CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the Kannada-HHQ scale are considered to be adequate for clinical or research use.

PMID: 27809619 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnkPFd
via IFTTT

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-6

Authors: Grimm G, Luberadzka J, Hohmann V

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Create virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) with interactive dynamic rendering for applications in audiology.
DESIGN: A toolbox for creation and rendering of dynamic virtual acoustic environments (TASCAR) that allows direct user interaction was developed for application in hearing aid research and audiology. The software architecture and the simulation methods used to produce VAEs are outlined. Example environments are described and analysed.
CONCLUSION: With the proposed software, a tool for simulation of VAEs is available. A set of VAEs rendered with the proposed software was described.

PMID: 27813439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fb2xEv
via IFTTT

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Related Articles

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Marcrum SC, Picou EM, Steffens T

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupling method on telephone-based speech recognition and perceived listening difficulty in noise for cochlear implant (CI) users. A secondary aim was to evaluate potential impacts of additional processing modifications within coupling conditions, such as activating noise reducing algorithms or muting environmental microphones.
DESIGN: Hochmair-Schulz-Moser sentences were bandpass-filtered (300-3400 Hz) and presented unilaterally either via telephone handset or advanced wireless streaming device in a background of cafeteria babble (signal-to-noise ratio =15 dB). Sentence recognition was scored at the word level and perceived listening difficulty was assessed via visual-analogue scale for each of five test conditions.
STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty native German-speaking CI users participated.
RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coupling via advanced streaming significantly improved sentence recognition and reduced listening difficulty, when compared to either telecoil or acoustic coupling configurations. In addition, program modifications further increased benefit within a coupling condition. CI users who exhibited the most difficulty during basic acoustic coupling were most likely to benefit from advanced wireless streaming.
CONCLUSION: CI users have several options for improving speech recognition and decreasing listening difficulty over the telephone when listening in noisy environments.

PMID: 27809627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnddTa
via IFTTT

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Related Articles

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Thammaiah S, Manchaiah V, Easwar V, Krishna R, McPherson B

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Hearing Handicap Questionnaire (HHQ) in Kannada (a South-Indian language) among adults with hearing loss.
DESIGN: The study involved a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic details and completed the Kannada and English (original) version of the HHQ questionnaire. To evaluate test-retest reliability, ∼50% of the participants completed the Kannada version for the second time after 15 days.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample comprised 103 adults with hearing loss recruited from local audiology clinics.
RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor structure, which explained 71% of the variance in Kannada-HHQ scores. The internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. The test-retest reliability correlations of the Kannada version with the English and with the same Kannada version re-administered after 15 days were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Convergent validity of the scale was confirmed by significant correlations with the Participation Scale and the Assessment of Quality of Life scales. Discriminant validity was found to be low as all the Kannada-HHQ questions were highly correlated with each other (r> 0.60). No floor and ceiling effects were identified.
CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the Kannada-HHQ scale are considered to be adequate for clinical or research use.

PMID: 27809619 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnkPFd
via IFTTT

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-6

Authors: Grimm G, Luberadzka J, Hohmann V

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Create virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) with interactive dynamic rendering for applications in audiology.
DESIGN: A toolbox for creation and rendering of dynamic virtual acoustic environments (TASCAR) that allows direct user interaction was developed for application in hearing aid research and audiology. The software architecture and the simulation methods used to produce VAEs are outlined. Example environments are described and analysed.
CONCLUSION: With the proposed software, a tool for simulation of VAEs is available. A set of VAEs rendered with the proposed software was described.

PMID: 27813439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fb2xEv
via IFTTT

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Related Articles

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Marcrum SC, Picou EM, Steffens T

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupling method on telephone-based speech recognition and perceived listening difficulty in noise for cochlear implant (CI) users. A secondary aim was to evaluate potential impacts of additional processing modifications within coupling conditions, such as activating noise reducing algorithms or muting environmental microphones.
DESIGN: Hochmair-Schulz-Moser sentences were bandpass-filtered (300-3400 Hz) and presented unilaterally either via telephone handset or advanced wireless streaming device in a background of cafeteria babble (signal-to-noise ratio =15 dB). Sentence recognition was scored at the word level and perceived listening difficulty was assessed via visual-analogue scale for each of five test conditions.
STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty native German-speaking CI users participated.
RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coupling via advanced streaming significantly improved sentence recognition and reduced listening difficulty, when compared to either telecoil or acoustic coupling configurations. In addition, program modifications further increased benefit within a coupling condition. CI users who exhibited the most difficulty during basic acoustic coupling were most likely to benefit from advanced wireless streaming.
CONCLUSION: CI users have several options for improving speech recognition and decreasing listening difficulty over the telephone when listening in noisy environments.

PMID: 27809627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnddTa
via IFTTT

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Related Articles

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Thammaiah S, Manchaiah V, Easwar V, Krishna R, McPherson B

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Hearing Handicap Questionnaire (HHQ) in Kannada (a South-Indian language) among adults with hearing loss.
DESIGN: The study involved a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic details and completed the Kannada and English (original) version of the HHQ questionnaire. To evaluate test-retest reliability, ∼50% of the participants completed the Kannada version for the second time after 15 days.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample comprised 103 adults with hearing loss recruited from local audiology clinics.
RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor structure, which explained 71% of the variance in Kannada-HHQ scores. The internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. The test-retest reliability correlations of the Kannada version with the English and with the same Kannada version re-administered after 15 days were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Convergent validity of the scale was confirmed by significant correlations with the Participation Scale and the Assessment of Quality of Life scales. Discriminant validity was found to be low as all the Kannada-HHQ questions were highly correlated with each other (r> 0.60). No floor and ceiling effects were identified.
CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the Kannada-HHQ scale are considered to be adequate for clinical or research use.

PMID: 27809619 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnkPFd
via IFTTT

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Virtual acoustic environments for comprehensive evaluation of model-based hearing devices().

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-6

Authors: Grimm G, Luberadzka J, Hohmann V

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Create virtual acoustic environments (VAEs) with interactive dynamic rendering for applications in audiology.
DESIGN: A toolbox for creation and rendering of dynamic virtual acoustic environments (TASCAR) that allows direct user interaction was developed for application in hearing aid research and audiology. The software architecture and the simulation methods used to produce VAEs are outlined. Example environments are described and analysed.
CONCLUSION: With the proposed software, a tool for simulation of VAEs is available. A set of VAEs rendered with the proposed software was described.

PMID: 27813439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fb2xEv
via IFTTT

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Related Articles

Avoiding disconnection: An evaluation of telephone options for cochlear implant users.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Marcrum SC, Picou EM, Steffens T

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupling method on telephone-based speech recognition and perceived listening difficulty in noise for cochlear implant (CI) users. A secondary aim was to evaluate potential impacts of additional processing modifications within coupling conditions, such as activating noise reducing algorithms or muting environmental microphones.
DESIGN: Hochmair-Schulz-Moser sentences were bandpass-filtered (300-3400 Hz) and presented unilaterally either via telephone handset or advanced wireless streaming device in a background of cafeteria babble (signal-to-noise ratio =15 dB). Sentence recognition was scored at the word level and perceived listening difficulty was assessed via visual-analogue scale for each of five test conditions.
STUDY SAMPLE: Twenty native German-speaking CI users participated.
RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coupling via advanced streaming significantly improved sentence recognition and reduced listening difficulty, when compared to either telecoil or acoustic coupling configurations. In addition, program modifications further increased benefit within a coupling condition. CI users who exhibited the most difficulty during basic acoustic coupling were most likely to benefit from advanced wireless streaming.
CONCLUSION: CI users have several options for improving speech recognition and decreasing listening difficulty over the telephone when listening in noisy environments.

PMID: 27809627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnddTa
via IFTTT

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Related Articles

Psychometric properties of the hearing handicap questionnaire: a Kannada (South-Indian) translation.

Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 4;:1-8

Authors: Thammaiah S, Manchaiah V, Easwar V, Krishna R, McPherson B

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Hearing Handicap Questionnaire (HHQ) in Kannada (a South-Indian language) among adults with hearing loss.
DESIGN: The study involved a cross-sectional survey design. Participants provided demographic details and completed the Kannada and English (original) version of the HHQ questionnaire. To evaluate test-retest reliability, ∼50% of the participants completed the Kannada version for the second time after 15 days.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample comprised 103 adults with hearing loss recruited from local audiology clinics.
RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor structure, which explained 71% of the variance in Kannada-HHQ scores. The internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. The test-retest reliability correlations of the Kannada version with the English and with the same Kannada version re-administered after 15 days were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Convergent validity of the scale was confirmed by significant correlations with the Participation Scale and the Assessment of Quality of Life scales. Discriminant validity was found to be low as all the Kannada-HHQ questions were highly correlated with each other (r> 0.60). No floor and ceiling effects were identified.
CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the Kannada-HHQ scale are considered to be adequate for clinical or research use.

PMID: 27809619 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fnkPFd
via IFTTT

Auditory Performance and Electrical Stimulation Measures in Cochlear Implant Recipients With Auditory Neuropathy Compared With Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare auditory and speech outcomes and electrical parameters on average 8 years after cochlear implantation between children with isolated auditory neuropathy (AN) and children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Design: The study was conducted at a tertiary, university-affiliated pediatric medical center. The cohort included 16 patients with isolated AN with current age of 5 to 12.2 years who had been using a cochlear implant for at least 3.4 years and 16 control patients with SNHL matched for duration of deafness, age at implantation, type of implant, and unilateral/bilateral implant placement. All participants had had extensive auditory rehabilitation before and after implantation, including the use of conventional hearing aids. Most patients received Cochlear Nucleus devices, and the remainder either Med-El or Advanced Bionics devices. Unaided pure-tone audiograms were evaluated before and after implantation. Implantation outcomes were assessed by auditory and speech recognition tests in quiet and in noise. Data were also collected on the educational setting at 1 year after implantation and at school age. The electrical stimulation measures were evaluated only in the Cochlear Nucleus implant recipients in the two groups. Similar mapping and electrical measurement techniques were used in the two groups. Electrical thresholds, comfortable level, dynamic range, and objective neural response telemetry threshold were measured across the 22-electrode array in each patient. Main outcome measures were between-group differences in the following parameters: (1) Auditory and speech tests. (2) Residual hearing. (3) Electrical stimulation parameters. (4) Correlations of residual hearing at low frequencies with electrical thresholds at the basal, middle, and apical electrodes. Results: The children with isolated AN performed equally well to the children with SNHL on auditory and speech recognition tests in both quiet and noise. More children in the AN group than the SNHL group were attending mainstream educational settings at school age, but the difference was not statistically significant. Significant between-group differences were noted in electrical measurements: the AN group was characterized by a lower current charge to reach subjective electrical thresholds, lower comfortable level and dynamic range, and lower telemetric neural response threshold. Based on pure-tone audiograms, the children with AN also had more residual hearing before and after implantation. Highly positive coefficients were found on correlation analysis between T levels across the basal and midcochlear electrodes and low-frequency acoustic thresholds. Conclusions: Prelingual children with isolated AN who fail to show expected oral and auditory progress after extensive rehabilitation with conventional hearing aids should be considered for cochlear implantation. Children with isolated AN had similar pattern as children with SNHL on auditory performance tests after cochlear implantation. The lower current charge required to evoke subjective and objective electrical thresholds in children with AN compared with children with SNHL may be attributed to the contribution to electrophonic hearing from the remaining neurons and hair cells. In addition, it is also possible that mechanical stimulation of the basilar membrane, as in acoustic stimulation, is added to the electrical stimulation of the cochlear implant. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3HndD
via IFTTT

Auditory Brainstem Response Altered in Humans With Noise Exposure Despite Normal Outer Hair Cell Function.

Objectives: Recent animal studies demonstrated that cochlear synaptopathy, a partial loss of inner hair cell-auditory nerve fiber synapses, can occur in response to noise exposure without any permanent auditory threshold shift. In animal models, this synaptopathy is associated with a reduction in the amplitude of wave I of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The goal of this study was to determine whether higher lifetime noise exposure histories in young people with clinically normal pure-tone thresholds are associated with lower ABR wave I amplitudes. Design: Twenty-nine young military Veterans and 35 non Veterans (19 to 35 years of age) with normal pure-tone thresholds were assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on their self-reported lifetime noise exposure history and Veteran status. Suprathreshold ABR measurements in response to alternating polarity tone bursts were obtained at 1, 3, 4, and 6 kHz with gold foil tiptrode electrodes placed in the ear canal. Wave I amplitude was calculated from the difference in voltage at the positive peak and the voltage at the following negative trough. Distortion product otoacoustic emission input/output functions were collected in each participant at the same four frequencies to assess outer hair cell function. Results: After controlling for individual differences in sex and distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude, the groups containing participants with higher reported histories of noise exposure had smaller ABR wave I amplitudes at suprathreshold levels across all four frequencies compared with the groups with less history of noise exposure. Conclusions: Suprathreshold ABR wave I amplitudes were reduced in Veterans reporting high levels of military noise exposure and in non Veterans reporting any history of firearm use as compared with Veterans and non Veterans with lower levels of reported noise exposure history. The reduction in ABR wave I amplitude in the groups with higher levels of noise exposure cannot be accounted for by sex or variability in outer hair cell function. This change is similar to the decreased ABR wave I amplitudes observed in animal models of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy. However, without post mortem examination of the temporal bone, no direct conclusions can be drawn concerning the presence of synaptopathy in the study groups with higher noise exposure histories. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp5Vw6
via IFTTT

Evaluating the Precision of Auditory Sensory Memory as an Index of Intrusion in Tinnitus.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of measures of auditory short-term memory (ASTM) to provide a clinical measure of intrusion in tinnitus. Design: Response functions for six normal listeners on a delayed pitch discrimination task were contrasted in three conditions designed to manipulate attention in the presence and absence of simulated tinnitus: (1) no-tinnitus, (2) ignore-tinnitus, and (3) attend-tinnitus. Results: Delayed pitch discrimination functions were more variable in the presence of simulated tinnitus when listeners were asked to divide attention between the primary task and the amplitude of the tinnitus tone. Conclusions: Changes in the variability of auditory short-term memory may provide a novel means of quantifying the level of intrusion associated with the tinnitus percept during listening. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3Hm9z
via IFTTT

The Effect of Cochlear Damage on the Sensitivity to Harmonicity.

Objectives: A sum of simultaneous pure tones with harmonic relationships (i.e., simple frequency ratios) is normally heard as a single sound, with a single pitch, even when its components are fully resolved in the auditory periphery. This perceptual phenomenon called "harmonic fusion" is thought to play an important role in auditory scene analysis as listeners often have to segregate simultaneous harmonic sounds with different fundamental frequencies. The present study explored the consequences of mild or moderate cochlear hearing loss for the sensitivity to harmonicity and the detection of inharmonicity. Design: The subjects were 12 normal-hearing (NH) listeners and 8 listeners with cochlear hearing loss amounting to 30 to 50 dB (mean: 42 dB) from 0.25 to 3 kHz. In each subject, thresholds for the detection of a change in the frequency ratio of simultaneous pure tones were measured with an adaptive forced-choice procedure. The standard frequency ratio was either harmonic (2:1, i.e., one octave) or inharmonic (0.8 or 1.2 octaves). The tones were presented at a low sensation level (at most 15 dB) within broadband noise, to minimize their cochlear interactions. In the main experimental conditions, the frequency register of the stimuli varied randomly within each trial, so that subjects were forced to process frequency ratios to achieve good performance; frequency discrimination was not sufficient. In other conditions, by contrast, frequency discrimination was sufficient to perform the task optimally. Results: For both groups of subjects, thresholds in the main experimental conditions were lower (i.e., better) when the standard frequency ratio was harmonic than when it was inharmonic. This effect, revealing sensitivity to harmonicity, was weak for some members of the hearing-impaired group, but could be observed even in subjects showing a very poor frequency discrimination ability. The two groups, however, differed from each other with respect to the detection of inharmonicity: for the NH group, in agreement with previous results, negative deviations from one octave (i.e., compressions of this frequency ratio) were better detected than positive deviations (stretchings); for the hearing-impaired group, on the other hand, the sign of the deviations had no effect on performance. Conclusions: Sensitivity to harmonicity appears to be remarkably robust. However, it can be reduced in some listeners with mild or moderate cochlear damage. Moreover, as inharmonicity detection is asymmetric for NH listeners but apparently becomes symmetric in case of cochlear damage, it may be that listeners with cochlear damage do not detect inharmonicity in the same manner as NH listeners do. In some circumstances, inharmonicity can be detected on the basis of "beat" cues available in single frequency channels; however, the subjects tested here were unlikely to use cues of this type. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp8I8B
via IFTTT

Improving Mobile Phone Speech Recognition by Personalized Amplification: Application in People with Normal Hearing and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss.

Purpose: In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of personalized amplification on mobile phone speech recognition in people with and without hearing loss. Methods: This prospective study used double-blind, within-subjects, repeated measures, controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of applying personalized amplification based on the hearing level captured on the mobile device. The personalized amplification settings were created using modified one-third gain targets. The participants in this study included 100 adults of age between 20 and 78 years (60 with age-adjusted normal hearing and 40 with hearing loss). The performance of the participants with personalized amplification and standard settings was compared using both subjective and speech-perception measures. Speech recognition was measured in quiet and in noise using Cantonese disyllabic words. Subjective ratings on the quality, clarity, and comfortableness of the mobile signals were measured with an 11-point visual analog scale. Subjective preferences of the settings were also obtained by a paired-comparison procedure. Results: The personalized amplification application provided better speech recognition via the mobile phone both in quiet and in noise for people with hearing impairment (improved 8 to 10%) and people with normal hearing (improved 1 to 4%). The improvement in speech recognition was significantly better for people with hearing impairment. When the average device output level was matched, more participants preferred to have the individualized gain than not to have it. Conclusions: The personalized amplification application has the potential to improve speech recognition for people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss, as well as people with normal hearing, in particular when listening in noisy environments. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2exSTNR
via IFTTT

Auditory Performance and Electrical Stimulation Measures in Cochlear Implant Recipients With Auditory Neuropathy Compared With Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare auditory and speech outcomes and electrical parameters on average 8 years after cochlear implantation between children with isolated auditory neuropathy (AN) and children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Design: The study was conducted at a tertiary, university-affiliated pediatric medical center. The cohort included 16 patients with isolated AN with current age of 5 to 12.2 years who had been using a cochlear implant for at least 3.4 years and 16 control patients with SNHL matched for duration of deafness, age at implantation, type of implant, and unilateral/bilateral implant placement. All participants had had extensive auditory rehabilitation before and after implantation, including the use of conventional hearing aids. Most patients received Cochlear Nucleus devices, and the remainder either Med-El or Advanced Bionics devices. Unaided pure-tone audiograms were evaluated before and after implantation. Implantation outcomes were assessed by auditory and speech recognition tests in quiet and in noise. Data were also collected on the educational setting at 1 year after implantation and at school age. The electrical stimulation measures were evaluated only in the Cochlear Nucleus implant recipients in the two groups. Similar mapping and electrical measurement techniques were used in the two groups. Electrical thresholds, comfortable level, dynamic range, and objective neural response telemetry threshold were measured across the 22-electrode array in each patient. Main outcome measures were between-group differences in the following parameters: (1) Auditory and speech tests. (2) Residual hearing. (3) Electrical stimulation parameters. (4) Correlations of residual hearing at low frequencies with electrical thresholds at the basal, middle, and apical electrodes. Results: The children with isolated AN performed equally well to the children with SNHL on auditory and speech recognition tests in both quiet and noise. More children in the AN group than the SNHL group were attending mainstream educational settings at school age, but the difference was not statistically significant. Significant between-group differences were noted in electrical measurements: the AN group was characterized by a lower current charge to reach subjective electrical thresholds, lower comfortable level and dynamic range, and lower telemetric neural response threshold. Based on pure-tone audiograms, the children with AN also had more residual hearing before and after implantation. Highly positive coefficients were found on correlation analysis between T levels across the basal and midcochlear electrodes and low-frequency acoustic thresholds. Conclusions: Prelingual children with isolated AN who fail to show expected oral and auditory progress after extensive rehabilitation with conventional hearing aids should be considered for cochlear implantation. Children with isolated AN had similar pattern as children with SNHL on auditory performance tests after cochlear implantation. The lower current charge required to evoke subjective and objective electrical thresholds in children with AN compared with children with SNHL may be attributed to the contribution to electrophonic hearing from the remaining neurons and hair cells. In addition, it is also possible that mechanical stimulation of the basilar membrane, as in acoustic stimulation, is added to the electrical stimulation of the cochlear implant. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3HndD
via IFTTT

Auditory Brainstem Response Altered in Humans With Noise Exposure Despite Normal Outer Hair Cell Function.

Objectives: Recent animal studies demonstrated that cochlear synaptopathy, a partial loss of inner hair cell-auditory nerve fiber synapses, can occur in response to noise exposure without any permanent auditory threshold shift. In animal models, this synaptopathy is associated with a reduction in the amplitude of wave I of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The goal of this study was to determine whether higher lifetime noise exposure histories in young people with clinically normal pure-tone thresholds are associated with lower ABR wave I amplitudes. Design: Twenty-nine young military Veterans and 35 non Veterans (19 to 35 years of age) with normal pure-tone thresholds were assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on their self-reported lifetime noise exposure history and Veteran status. Suprathreshold ABR measurements in response to alternating polarity tone bursts were obtained at 1, 3, 4, and 6 kHz with gold foil tiptrode electrodes placed in the ear canal. Wave I amplitude was calculated from the difference in voltage at the positive peak and the voltage at the following negative trough. Distortion product otoacoustic emission input/output functions were collected in each participant at the same four frequencies to assess outer hair cell function. Results: After controlling for individual differences in sex and distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude, the groups containing participants with higher reported histories of noise exposure had smaller ABR wave I amplitudes at suprathreshold levels across all four frequencies compared with the groups with less history of noise exposure. Conclusions: Suprathreshold ABR wave I amplitudes were reduced in Veterans reporting high levels of military noise exposure and in non Veterans reporting any history of firearm use as compared with Veterans and non Veterans with lower levels of reported noise exposure history. The reduction in ABR wave I amplitude in the groups with higher levels of noise exposure cannot be accounted for by sex or variability in outer hair cell function. This change is similar to the decreased ABR wave I amplitudes observed in animal models of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy. However, without post mortem examination of the temporal bone, no direct conclusions can be drawn concerning the presence of synaptopathy in the study groups with higher noise exposure histories. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp5Vw6
via IFTTT

Evaluating the Precision of Auditory Sensory Memory as an Index of Intrusion in Tinnitus.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of measures of auditory short-term memory (ASTM) to provide a clinical measure of intrusion in tinnitus. Design: Response functions for six normal listeners on a delayed pitch discrimination task were contrasted in three conditions designed to manipulate attention in the presence and absence of simulated tinnitus: (1) no-tinnitus, (2) ignore-tinnitus, and (3) attend-tinnitus. Results: Delayed pitch discrimination functions were more variable in the presence of simulated tinnitus when listeners were asked to divide attention between the primary task and the amplitude of the tinnitus tone. Conclusions: Changes in the variability of auditory short-term memory may provide a novel means of quantifying the level of intrusion associated with the tinnitus percept during listening. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3Hm9z
via IFTTT

The Effect of Cochlear Damage on the Sensitivity to Harmonicity.

Objectives: A sum of simultaneous pure tones with harmonic relationships (i.e., simple frequency ratios) is normally heard as a single sound, with a single pitch, even when its components are fully resolved in the auditory periphery. This perceptual phenomenon called "harmonic fusion" is thought to play an important role in auditory scene analysis as listeners often have to segregate simultaneous harmonic sounds with different fundamental frequencies. The present study explored the consequences of mild or moderate cochlear hearing loss for the sensitivity to harmonicity and the detection of inharmonicity. Design: The subjects were 12 normal-hearing (NH) listeners and 8 listeners with cochlear hearing loss amounting to 30 to 50 dB (mean: 42 dB) from 0.25 to 3 kHz. In each subject, thresholds for the detection of a change in the frequency ratio of simultaneous pure tones were measured with an adaptive forced-choice procedure. The standard frequency ratio was either harmonic (2:1, i.e., one octave) or inharmonic (0.8 or 1.2 octaves). The tones were presented at a low sensation level (at most 15 dB) within broadband noise, to minimize their cochlear interactions. In the main experimental conditions, the frequency register of the stimuli varied randomly within each trial, so that subjects were forced to process frequency ratios to achieve good performance; frequency discrimination was not sufficient. In other conditions, by contrast, frequency discrimination was sufficient to perform the task optimally. Results: For both groups of subjects, thresholds in the main experimental conditions were lower (i.e., better) when the standard frequency ratio was harmonic than when it was inharmonic. This effect, revealing sensitivity to harmonicity, was weak for some members of the hearing-impaired group, but could be observed even in subjects showing a very poor frequency discrimination ability. The two groups, however, differed from each other with respect to the detection of inharmonicity: for the NH group, in agreement with previous results, negative deviations from one octave (i.e., compressions of this frequency ratio) were better detected than positive deviations (stretchings); for the hearing-impaired group, on the other hand, the sign of the deviations had no effect on performance. Conclusions: Sensitivity to harmonicity appears to be remarkably robust. However, it can be reduced in some listeners with mild or moderate cochlear damage. Moreover, as inharmonicity detection is asymmetric for NH listeners but apparently becomes symmetric in case of cochlear damage, it may be that listeners with cochlear damage do not detect inharmonicity in the same manner as NH listeners do. In some circumstances, inharmonicity can be detected on the basis of "beat" cues available in single frequency channels; however, the subjects tested here were unlikely to use cues of this type. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp8I8B
via IFTTT

Improving Mobile Phone Speech Recognition by Personalized Amplification: Application in People with Normal Hearing and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss.

Purpose: In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of personalized amplification on mobile phone speech recognition in people with and without hearing loss. Methods: This prospective study used double-blind, within-subjects, repeated measures, controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of applying personalized amplification based on the hearing level captured on the mobile device. The personalized amplification settings were created using modified one-third gain targets. The participants in this study included 100 adults of age between 20 and 78 years (60 with age-adjusted normal hearing and 40 with hearing loss). The performance of the participants with personalized amplification and standard settings was compared using both subjective and speech-perception measures. Speech recognition was measured in quiet and in noise using Cantonese disyllabic words. Subjective ratings on the quality, clarity, and comfortableness of the mobile signals were measured with an 11-point visual analog scale. Subjective preferences of the settings were also obtained by a paired-comparison procedure. Results: The personalized amplification application provided better speech recognition via the mobile phone both in quiet and in noise for people with hearing impairment (improved 8 to 10%) and people with normal hearing (improved 1 to 4%). The improvement in speech recognition was significantly better for people with hearing impairment. When the average device output level was matched, more participants preferred to have the individualized gain than not to have it. Conclusions: The personalized amplification application has the potential to improve speech recognition for people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss, as well as people with normal hearing, in particular when listening in noisy environments. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2exSTNR
via IFTTT

Auditory Performance and Electrical Stimulation Measures in Cochlear Implant Recipients With Auditory Neuropathy Compared With Severe to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare auditory and speech outcomes and electrical parameters on average 8 years after cochlear implantation between children with isolated auditory neuropathy (AN) and children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Design: The study was conducted at a tertiary, university-affiliated pediatric medical center. The cohort included 16 patients with isolated AN with current age of 5 to 12.2 years who had been using a cochlear implant for at least 3.4 years and 16 control patients with SNHL matched for duration of deafness, age at implantation, type of implant, and unilateral/bilateral implant placement. All participants had had extensive auditory rehabilitation before and after implantation, including the use of conventional hearing aids. Most patients received Cochlear Nucleus devices, and the remainder either Med-El or Advanced Bionics devices. Unaided pure-tone audiograms were evaluated before and after implantation. Implantation outcomes were assessed by auditory and speech recognition tests in quiet and in noise. Data were also collected on the educational setting at 1 year after implantation and at school age. The electrical stimulation measures were evaluated only in the Cochlear Nucleus implant recipients in the two groups. Similar mapping and electrical measurement techniques were used in the two groups. Electrical thresholds, comfortable level, dynamic range, and objective neural response telemetry threshold were measured across the 22-electrode array in each patient. Main outcome measures were between-group differences in the following parameters: (1) Auditory and speech tests. (2) Residual hearing. (3) Electrical stimulation parameters. (4) Correlations of residual hearing at low frequencies with electrical thresholds at the basal, middle, and apical electrodes. Results: The children with isolated AN performed equally well to the children with SNHL on auditory and speech recognition tests in both quiet and noise. More children in the AN group than the SNHL group were attending mainstream educational settings at school age, but the difference was not statistically significant. Significant between-group differences were noted in electrical measurements: the AN group was characterized by a lower current charge to reach subjective electrical thresholds, lower comfortable level and dynamic range, and lower telemetric neural response threshold. Based on pure-tone audiograms, the children with AN also had more residual hearing before and after implantation. Highly positive coefficients were found on correlation analysis between T levels across the basal and midcochlear electrodes and low-frequency acoustic thresholds. Conclusions: Prelingual children with isolated AN who fail to show expected oral and auditory progress after extensive rehabilitation with conventional hearing aids should be considered for cochlear implantation. Children with isolated AN had similar pattern as children with SNHL on auditory performance tests after cochlear implantation. The lower current charge required to evoke subjective and objective electrical thresholds in children with AN compared with children with SNHL may be attributed to the contribution to electrophonic hearing from the remaining neurons and hair cells. In addition, it is also possible that mechanical stimulation of the basilar membrane, as in acoustic stimulation, is added to the electrical stimulation of the cochlear implant. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3HndD
via IFTTT

Auditory Brainstem Response Altered in Humans With Noise Exposure Despite Normal Outer Hair Cell Function.

Objectives: Recent animal studies demonstrated that cochlear synaptopathy, a partial loss of inner hair cell-auditory nerve fiber synapses, can occur in response to noise exposure without any permanent auditory threshold shift. In animal models, this synaptopathy is associated with a reduction in the amplitude of wave I of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The goal of this study was to determine whether higher lifetime noise exposure histories in young people with clinically normal pure-tone thresholds are associated with lower ABR wave I amplitudes. Design: Twenty-nine young military Veterans and 35 non Veterans (19 to 35 years of age) with normal pure-tone thresholds were assigned to 1 of 4 groups based on their self-reported lifetime noise exposure history and Veteran status. Suprathreshold ABR measurements in response to alternating polarity tone bursts were obtained at 1, 3, 4, and 6 kHz with gold foil tiptrode electrodes placed in the ear canal. Wave I amplitude was calculated from the difference in voltage at the positive peak and the voltage at the following negative trough. Distortion product otoacoustic emission input/output functions were collected in each participant at the same four frequencies to assess outer hair cell function. Results: After controlling for individual differences in sex and distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude, the groups containing participants with higher reported histories of noise exposure had smaller ABR wave I amplitudes at suprathreshold levels across all four frequencies compared with the groups with less history of noise exposure. Conclusions: Suprathreshold ABR wave I amplitudes were reduced in Veterans reporting high levels of military noise exposure and in non Veterans reporting any history of firearm use as compared with Veterans and non Veterans with lower levels of reported noise exposure history. The reduction in ABR wave I amplitude in the groups with higher levels of noise exposure cannot be accounted for by sex or variability in outer hair cell function. This change is similar to the decreased ABR wave I amplitudes observed in animal models of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy. However, without post mortem examination of the temporal bone, no direct conclusions can be drawn concerning the presence of synaptopathy in the study groups with higher noise exposure histories. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp5Vw6
via IFTTT

Evaluating the Precision of Auditory Sensory Memory as an Index of Intrusion in Tinnitus.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of measures of auditory short-term memory (ASTM) to provide a clinical measure of intrusion in tinnitus. Design: Response functions for six normal listeners on a delayed pitch discrimination task were contrasted in three conditions designed to manipulate attention in the presence and absence of simulated tinnitus: (1) no-tinnitus, (2) ignore-tinnitus, and (3) attend-tinnitus. Results: Delayed pitch discrimination functions were more variable in the presence of simulated tinnitus when listeners were asked to divide attention between the primary task and the amplitude of the tinnitus tone. Conclusions: Changes in the variability of auditory short-term memory may provide a novel means of quantifying the level of intrusion associated with the tinnitus percept during listening. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2f3Hm9z
via IFTTT

The Effect of Cochlear Damage on the Sensitivity to Harmonicity.

Objectives: A sum of simultaneous pure tones with harmonic relationships (i.e., simple frequency ratios) is normally heard as a single sound, with a single pitch, even when its components are fully resolved in the auditory periphery. This perceptual phenomenon called "harmonic fusion" is thought to play an important role in auditory scene analysis as listeners often have to segregate simultaneous harmonic sounds with different fundamental frequencies. The present study explored the consequences of mild or moderate cochlear hearing loss for the sensitivity to harmonicity and the detection of inharmonicity. Design: The subjects were 12 normal-hearing (NH) listeners and 8 listeners with cochlear hearing loss amounting to 30 to 50 dB (mean: 42 dB) from 0.25 to 3 kHz. In each subject, thresholds for the detection of a change in the frequency ratio of simultaneous pure tones were measured with an adaptive forced-choice procedure. The standard frequency ratio was either harmonic (2:1, i.e., one octave) or inharmonic (0.8 or 1.2 octaves). The tones were presented at a low sensation level (at most 15 dB) within broadband noise, to minimize their cochlear interactions. In the main experimental conditions, the frequency register of the stimuli varied randomly within each trial, so that subjects were forced to process frequency ratios to achieve good performance; frequency discrimination was not sufficient. In other conditions, by contrast, frequency discrimination was sufficient to perform the task optimally. Results: For both groups of subjects, thresholds in the main experimental conditions were lower (i.e., better) when the standard frequency ratio was harmonic than when it was inharmonic. This effect, revealing sensitivity to harmonicity, was weak for some members of the hearing-impaired group, but could be observed even in subjects showing a very poor frequency discrimination ability. The two groups, however, differed from each other with respect to the detection of inharmonicity: for the NH group, in agreement with previous results, negative deviations from one octave (i.e., compressions of this frequency ratio) were better detected than positive deviations (stretchings); for the hearing-impaired group, on the other hand, the sign of the deviations had no effect on performance. Conclusions: Sensitivity to harmonicity appears to be remarkably robust. However, it can be reduced in some listeners with mild or moderate cochlear damage. Moreover, as inharmonicity detection is asymmetric for NH listeners but apparently becomes symmetric in case of cochlear damage, it may be that listeners with cochlear damage do not detect inharmonicity in the same manner as NH listeners do. In some circumstances, inharmonicity can be detected on the basis of "beat" cues available in single frequency channels; however, the subjects tested here were unlikely to use cues of this type. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2fp8I8B
via IFTTT

Improving Mobile Phone Speech Recognition by Personalized Amplification: Application in People with Normal Hearing and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss.

Purpose: In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of personalized amplification on mobile phone speech recognition in people with and without hearing loss. Methods: This prospective study used double-blind, within-subjects, repeated measures, controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of applying personalized amplification based on the hearing level captured on the mobile device. The personalized amplification settings were created using modified one-third gain targets. The participants in this study included 100 adults of age between 20 and 78 years (60 with age-adjusted normal hearing and 40 with hearing loss). The performance of the participants with personalized amplification and standard settings was compared using both subjective and speech-perception measures. Speech recognition was measured in quiet and in noise using Cantonese disyllabic words. Subjective ratings on the quality, clarity, and comfortableness of the mobile signals were measured with an 11-point visual analog scale. Subjective preferences of the settings were also obtained by a paired-comparison procedure. Results: The personalized amplification application provided better speech recognition via the mobile phone both in quiet and in noise for people with hearing impairment (improved 8 to 10%) and people with normal hearing (improved 1 to 4%). The improvement in speech recognition was significantly better for people with hearing impairment. When the average device output level was matched, more participants preferred to have the individualized gain than not to have it. Conclusions: The personalized amplification application has the potential to improve speech recognition for people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss, as well as people with normal hearing, in particular when listening in noisy environments. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2exSTNR
via IFTTT