Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Maayan Agmon, Tamar Shochat, Rachel Kizony
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and gait performance under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking conditions in community- dwelling older adults.MethodsWalking under ST and DT conditions was evaluated in 34 community-dwelling older adults, 64.7% women, mean age 71.5 (SD±5.8). Gait-speed and gait-variability data were collected using the OPAL mobility laboratory system. Sleep behavior (sleep efficiency [SE] and sleep latency [SL]) was assessed using actigraphy, over 5 consecutive nights.ResultsLower SE was associated with decreased gait speed and increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.35; p=.04; rs=.−36; p=.03, respectively), whereas longer SL was associated with increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.38; p=.03). After controlling for age and cognition, SE accounted for 28% and 31% of the variability in stride length and stride time, respectively (p=0.001). No associations were found between sleep and gait measures under ST walking.ConclusionsLower SE is associated with decreased gait speed and increased gait variability under DT conditions that are indicative of an increased risk for falls in older adults. Our findings support clinical recommendations to incorporate the evaluation of sleep quality in the context of risk assessment for falls.
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Σάββατο 18 Ιουνίου 2016
Modified head shake sensory organization test: Sensitivity and specificity
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Single leg stance control in individuals with symptomatic Gluteal Tendinopathy
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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RELIABILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF GAIT INITIATION PROFILES IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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The feasibility of shoulder motion tracking during activities of daily living using inertial measurement units
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Characterizing knee loading asymmetry in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using inertial sensors
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Timed Up and Go test: Comparison of kinematics between patients with chronic stroke and healthy subjects
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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Sleep quality is associated with walking under dual-task, but not single-task performance
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Maayan Agmon, Tamar Shochat, Rachel Kizony
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and gait performance under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking conditions in community- dwelling older adults.MethodsWalking under ST and DT conditions was evaluated in 34 community-dwelling older adults, 64.7% women, mean age 71.5 (SD±5.8). Gait-speed and gait-variability data were collected using the OPAL mobility laboratory system. Sleep behavior (sleep efficiency [SE] and sleep latency [SL]) was assessed using actigraphy, over 5 consecutive nights.ResultsLower SE was associated with decreased gait speed and increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.35; p=.04; rs=.−36; p=.03, respectively), whereas longer SL was associated with increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.38; p=.03). After controlling for age and cognition, SE accounted for 28% and 31% of the variability in stride length and stride time, respectively (p=0.001). No associations were found between sleep and gait measures under ST walking.ConclusionsLower SE is associated with decreased gait speed and increased gait variability under DT conditions that are indicative of an increased risk for falls in older adults. Our findings support clinical recommendations to incorporate the evaluation of sleep quality in the context of risk assessment for falls.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Maayan Agmon, Tamar Shochat, Rachel Kizony
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and gait performance under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking conditions in community- dwelling older adults.MethodsWalking under ST and DT conditions was evaluated in 34 community-dwelling older adults, 64.7% women, mean age 71.5 (SD±5.8). Gait-speed and gait-variability data were collected using the OPAL mobility laboratory system. Sleep behavior (sleep efficiency [SE] and sleep latency [SL]) was assessed using actigraphy, over 5 consecutive nights.ResultsLower SE was associated with decreased gait speed and increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.35; p=.04; rs=.−36; p=.03, respectively), whereas longer SL was associated with increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.38; p=.03). After controlling for age and cognition, SE accounted for 28% and 31% of the variability in stride length and stride time, respectively (p=0.001). No associations were found between sleep and gait measures under ST walking.ConclusionsLower SE is associated with decreased gait speed and increased gait variability under DT conditions that are indicative of an increased risk for falls in older adults. Our findings support clinical recommendations to incorporate the evaluation of sleep quality in the context of risk assessment for falls.
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Modified head shake sensory organization test: Sensitivity and specificity
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Single leg stance control in individuals with symptomatic Gluteal Tendinopathy
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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RELIABILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF GAIT INITIATION PROFILES IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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The feasibility of shoulder motion tracking during activities of daily living using inertial measurement units
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Characterizing knee loading asymmetry in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using inertial sensors
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Timed Up and Go test: Comparison of kinematics between patients with chronic stroke and healthy subjects
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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Sleep quality is associated with walking under dual-task, but not single-task performance
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Maayan Agmon, Tamar Shochat, Rachel Kizony
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and gait performance under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking conditions in community- dwelling older adults.MethodsWalking under ST and DT conditions was evaluated in 34 community-dwelling older adults, 64.7% women, mean age 71.5 (SD±5.8). Gait-speed and gait-variability data were collected using the OPAL mobility laboratory system. Sleep behavior (sleep efficiency [SE] and sleep latency [SL]) was assessed using actigraphy, over 5 consecutive nights.ResultsLower SE was associated with decreased gait speed and increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.35; p=.04; rs=.−36; p=.03, respectively), whereas longer SL was associated with increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.38; p=.03). After controlling for age and cognition, SE accounted for 28% and 31% of the variability in stride length and stride time, respectively (p=0.001). No associations were found between sleep and gait measures under ST walking.ConclusionsLower SE is associated with decreased gait speed and increased gait variability under DT conditions that are indicative of an increased risk for falls in older adults. Our findings support clinical recommendations to incorporate the evaluation of sleep quality in the context of risk assessment for falls.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Maayan Agmon, Tamar Shochat, Rachel Kizony
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep behavior and gait performance under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking conditions in community- dwelling older adults.MethodsWalking under ST and DT conditions was evaluated in 34 community-dwelling older adults, 64.7% women, mean age 71.5 (SD±5.8). Gait-speed and gait-variability data were collected using the OPAL mobility laboratory system. Sleep behavior (sleep efficiency [SE] and sleep latency [SL]) was assessed using actigraphy, over 5 consecutive nights.ResultsLower SE was associated with decreased gait speed and increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.35; p=.04; rs=.−36; p=.03, respectively), whereas longer SL was associated with increased stride-length variability during DT (rs=.38; p=.03). After controlling for age and cognition, SE accounted for 28% and 31% of the variability in stride length and stride time, respectively (p=0.001). No associations were found between sleep and gait measures under ST walking.ConclusionsLower SE is associated with decreased gait speed and increased gait variability under DT conditions that are indicative of an increased risk for falls in older adults. Our findings support clinical recommendations to incorporate the evaluation of sleep quality in the context of risk assessment for falls.
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Modified head shake sensory organization test: Sensitivity and specificity
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Julie A. Honaker, Kristen L. Janky, Jessie N. Patterson, Neil T. Shepard
The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography (EquiTest™ equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision, proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction. Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion. Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15 patients demonstrated a caloric UW≥25%. Participants completed standard conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60°/s, HS-SOT2-120°/s, SOT 5, HS-SOT5-15°/s, and HS-SOT5-60°/s) for each group; as expected, a lower decline was noted for controls (slope=−6.59) compared to patients (slope=−11.69). The HS-SOT5-15°/s condition was superior for identifying peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%), with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=−0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15°/s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular asymmetry.
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Single leg stance control in individuals with symptomatic Gluteal Tendinopathy
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Kim Allison, Kim L. Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Tim V. Wrigley, Paul W. Hodges
BackgroundLateral hip pain during single leg loading, and hip abductor muscle weakness, are associated with gluteal tendinopathy, but it has not been shown how or whether kinematics in single leg stance differ in those with gluteal tendinopathy.PurposeTo compare kinematics in preparation for, and during, single leg stance between individuals with and without gluteal tendinopathy, and the effect of hip abductor muscle strength on kinematics.MethodsTwenty individuals with gluteal tendinopathy and 20 age-matched pain-free controls underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of single leg stance and maximum isometric hip abductor strength testing. Maximum values of hip adduction, pelvic obliquity (contralateral pelvis rise/drop), lateral pelvic translation (ipsilateral/contralateral shift) and ipsilateral trunk lean during preparation for leg lift and average values in steady single leg stance, were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance, with and without anthropometric characteristics and strength as covariates.ResultsIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy demonstrated greater hip adduction (standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.70, P=0.04) and ipsilateral pelvic shift (SMD=1.1, P=0.002) in preparation for leg lift, and greater hip adduction (SMD=1.2, P=0.002) and less contralateral pelvic rise (SMD=0.86, P=0.02) in steady single leg stance than controls. When including strength as a covariate, only between-group differences in lateral pelvic shift persisted (SMD=1.7, P=0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with gluteal tendinopathy use different frontal plane kinematics of the hip and pelvis during single leg stance than pain-free controls. This finding is not influenced by pelvic dimension or the potentially modifiable factor of body mass index, but is by hip abductor muscle weakness.
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RELIABILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF GAIT INITIATION PROFILES IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Emily M. Hartley, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. McKeon
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) have demonstrated deviations in gait initiation (GI) compared to healthy individuals. However, the intersession reliability of GI measures remains unknown in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and responsiveness of GI measures between two testing days in those with CAI. Twelve individuals with CAI volunteered. Participants performed barefoot GI on a force plate which captured center of pressure (COP). Data was collected on two separate occasions separated by one week. The GI profile was separated into three phases (S1, S2, and S3). S1 began from the deviation of normal balanced standing to the most posterolateral displacement under the stepping limb. S2 began from the end of S1 to the maximum medial position under the stance foot. S3 began at the end of S2 and continued until the vertical ground reaction force dropped below 100N. COP displacement (cm) was calculated as the sum of resultant vectors of the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursions for adjacent COP data points within each phase. The averages of 5 trials were used for analyses. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,5)), standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change (MDC) were calculated to determine reliability and responsiveness. S1, S2, and S3 displacement values were highly reliable between days (ICC(2,5) ≥0.76) with the exception of anterior-posterior S1 and medial-lateral S3. MDC values were relatively small (0.6–2.2cm). GI can be reliably assessed in those with CAI which is important for identifying interventions to alter GI profiles in these individuals.
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The feasibility of shoulder motion tracking during activities of daily living using inertial measurement units
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bryan Kirking, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Young Kwon
Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4hours at the subjects’ workplace and up to 4hours off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of about 2° and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8°, abduction128.4°, and external rotation 69.5°. These peaks angles are similar to other investigator’s reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000. Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs including an estimate for the 10year cycle count of upper arm motion.
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Characterizing knee loading asymmetry in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using inertial sensors
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Susan M. Sigward, Ming-Sheng M. Chan, Paige E. Lin
Limitations in the ability to identify knee extensor loading deficits during gait in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr) may underlie their persistence. A recent study suggested that shank angular velocity, directly output from inertial sensors, differed during gait between individuals post-ACLr and controls. However, it is not clear if this kinematic variable relates to knee moments calculated using joint kinematics and ground reaction forces. Heel rocker mechanics during loading response of gait, characterized by rapid shank rotation, require knee extensor control. Measures of shank angular velocity may be reflective of knee moments. This studyinvestigated the relationship between shank angular velocity and knee extensor moment during gait in individuals (n=19) 96.7±16.8days post-ACLr. Gait was assessed concurrently using inertial sensors and a markerbased motion system with force platforms. Peak angular velocity and knee extensor moment were strongly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.001) and between limb ratios of angular velocity predicted between limb ratios of extensor moment (r2=0.57, p<0.001) in the absence of between limb differences inspatiotemporal gait parameters. The strength of these relationships indicate that shank kinematic data offer meaningful information regarding knee loading and provide a potential alternative to full motion analysis systems for identification of altered knee loading following ACLr
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Timed Up and Go test: Comparison of kinematics between patients with chronic stroke and healthy subjects
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2016
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Céline Bonnyaud, Didier Pradon, Isabelle Vaugier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Djamel Bensmail, Nicolas Roche
Understanding locomotor behavior is important to guide rehabilitation after stroke. This study compared lower-limb kinematics during the walking and turning sub-tasks of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in stroke patients and healthy subjects. We also determined the parameters which explain TUG sub-task performance time in healthy subjects. Biomechanical parameters were recorded during the TUG in standardized conditions in 25 healthy individuals and 29 patients with chronic stroke using a 3D motion-analysis system. Parameters were compared between groups and a stepwise regression was used to indicate parameters which explained performance time in the healthy subjects. The percentage difference in step length between the last and first steps was calculated, during walking sub-tasks for each group.Speed, cadence, step length, percentage paretic single support phase, percentage non-paretic swing phase, peak hip extension, knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly reduced in the Stroke group compared to the Healthy group (p<0.05). In the Healthy group, step length and cadence explained 91% of variance for Go and 86% for Return (walking sub-tasks), and none of the parameters explained the Turn. Previous study in patients with stroke showed that the same parameters explained the variance during the walking sub-tasks and balance-related parameters explained the Turn. The present results showed that step length was differently modulated in each group. Thus the locomotor behavior of patients with stroke during obstacle circumvention is quite specific in light of the results obtained in healthy subjects.
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The Influence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase on Glutamate Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Senescence.
The Influence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase on Glutamate Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Senescence.
Front Physiol. 2016;7:195
Authors: Kinoshita PF, Leite JA, Orellana AM, Vasconcelos AR, Quintas LE, Kawamoto EM, Scavone C
Abstract
Decreased Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity causes energy deficiency, which is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases. The NKA is constituted of three subunits: α, β, and γ, with four distinct isoforms of the catalytic α subunit (α1-4). Genetic mutations in the ATP1A2 gene and ATP1A3 gene, encoding the α2 and α3 subunit isoforms, respectively can cause distinct neurological disorders, concurrent to impaired NKA activity. Within the central nervous system (CNS), the α2 isoform is expressed mostly in glial cells and the α3 isoform is neuron-specific. Mutations in ATP1A2 gene can result in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM2), while mutations in the ATP1A3 gene can cause Rapid-onset dystonia-Parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), as well as the cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pescavus, optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS) syndrome. Data indicates that the central glutamatergic system is affected by mutations in the α2 isoform, however further investigations are required to establish a connection to mutations in the α3 isoform, especially given the diagnostic confusion and overlap with glutamate transporter disease. The age-related decline in brain α2∕3 activity may arise from changes in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway. Glutamate, through nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cGMP and PKG, stimulates brain α2∕3 activity, with the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor cascade able to drive an adaptive, neuroprotective response to inflammatory and challenging stimuli, including amyloid-β. Here we review the NKA, both as an ion pump as well as a receptor that interacts with NMDA, including the role of NKA subunits mutations. Failure of the NKA-associated adaptive response mechanisms may render neurons more susceptible to degeneration over the course of aging.
PMID: 27313535 [PubMed]
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Neural response differences in the rat primary auditory cortex under anesthesia with ketamine versus the mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol
Publication date: Available online 16 June 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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Neural response differences in the rat primary auditory cortex under anesthesia with ketamine versus the mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol
Publication date: Available online 16 June 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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White Matter Structure in the right Planum Temporale Region Correlates with Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Deaf People
Publication date: Available online 16 June 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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White Matter Structure in the right Planum Temporale Region Correlates with Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Deaf People
Publication date: Available online 16 June 2016
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Neural response differences in the rat primary auditory cortex under anesthesia with ketamine versus the mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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White Matter Structure in the right Planum Temporale Region Correlates with Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Deaf People
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Neural response differences in the rat primary auditory cortex under anesthesia with ketamine versus the mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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White Matter Structure in the right Planum Temporale Region Correlates with Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Deaf People
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Neural response differences in the rat primary auditory cortex under anesthesia with ketamine versus the mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Hisayuki Osanai, Takashi Tateno
Anesthesia affects central auditory processing. However, it is unclear to what extent the choice of anesthetic agent affects neural responses to sound stimulation. A mixture of three anesthetics (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol; MMB) was recently developed as an alternative to ketamine owing to the latter’s addictive potential, yet the effect of this combination of anesthetics on neural responses is not known. Here, we compared the spontaneous activity, tuning properties and temporal responses of primary auditory cortical neurons under these two anesthetic conditions, using electrophysiological and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging methods. Frequency tuning properties were not significantly different between ketamine and MMB anesthesia. However, neural activity under MMB showed decreases in the spontaneous and tone-evoked firing rates in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, the temporal response patterns were also different between the anesthetics in a layer-dependent manner, which may reflect differences in the anesthetic mechanisms. These results demonstrated how response properties in the primary auditory cortex are affected by the choice of anesthesia.
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White Matter Structure in the right Planum Temporale Region Correlates with Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Deaf People
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Martha M. Shiell, Robert J. Zatorre
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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