Clinical Implications for Working With Nonmainstream Dialect Speakers: A Focus on Two Filipino Kindergartners

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical focus piece is to increase familiarity with Philippine English (PE) and highlight clinical implications for working with nonmainstream dialect speakers.

Method

The clinical focus draws on descriptive case study data from 2 Filipino kindergarten boys who live in the United States. Multiple ethnographic data sources were subjected to contrastive analyses regarding nonmainstream features in the children's speech that might be consistent with PE.

Results

The 2 boys demonstrated grammatical and phonological features consistent with their home dialect, PE, and individualized variation relative to one another. We utilize these findings to illustrate 2 key implications for providing culturally competent clinical services when working with nonmainstream dialect speakers: (a) validate and support all Mainstream American English Learners in the classroom and (b) recognize that variance within a dialect is not always indicative of disorder. Explicit recommendations for clinical practice are provided.

Conclusion

Understanding and validating the diversity of nonmainstream dialect speakers within the U.S. schools are critical to providing culturally competent speech-language services.

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Clinical Implications for Working With Nonmainstream Dialect Speakers: A Focus on Two Filipino Kindergartners

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical focus piece is to increase familiarity with Philippine English (PE) and highlight clinical implications for working with nonmainstream dialect speakers.

Method

The clinical focus draws on descriptive case study data from 2 Filipino kindergarten boys who live in the United States. Multiple ethnographic data sources were subjected to contrastive analyses regarding nonmainstream features in the children's speech that might be consistent with PE.

Results

The 2 boys demonstrated grammatical and phonological features consistent with their home dialect, PE, and individualized variation relative to one another. We utilize these findings to illustrate 2 key implications for providing culturally competent clinical services when working with nonmainstream dialect speakers: (a) validate and support all Mainstream American English Learners in the classroom and (b) recognize that variance within a dialect is not always indicative of disorder. Explicit recommendations for clinical practice are provided.

Conclusion

Understanding and validating the diversity of nonmainstream dialect speakers within the U.S. schools are critical to providing culturally competent speech-language services.

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Clinical Implications for Working With Nonmainstream Dialect Speakers: A Focus on Two Filipino Kindergartners

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical focus piece is to increase familiarity with Philippine English (PE) and highlight clinical implications for working with nonmainstream dialect speakers.

Method

The clinical focus draws on descriptive case study data from 2 Filipino kindergarten boys who live in the United States. Multiple ethnographic data sources were subjected to contrastive analyses regarding nonmainstream features in the children's speech that might be consistent with PE.

Results

The 2 boys demonstrated grammatical and phonological features consistent with their home dialect, PE, and individualized variation relative to one another. We utilize these findings to illustrate 2 key implications for providing culturally competent clinical services when working with nonmainstream dialect speakers: (a) validate and support all Mainstream American English Learners in the classroom and (b) recognize that variance within a dialect is not always indicative of disorder. Explicit recommendations for clinical practice are provided.

Conclusion

Understanding and validating the diversity of nonmainstream dialect speakers within the U.S. schools are critical to providing culturally competent speech-language services.

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Supra-Threshold Hearing and Fluctuation Profiles: Implications for Sensorineural and Hidden Hearing Loss

Abstract

An important topic in contemporary auditory science is supra-threshold hearing. Difficulty hearing at conversational speech levels in background noise has long been recognized as a problem of sensorineural hearing loss, including that associated with aging (presbyacusis). Such difficulty in listeners with normal thresholds has received more attention recently, especially associated with descriptions of synaptopathy, the loss of auditory nerve (AN) fibers as a result of noise exposure or aging. Synaptopathy has been reported to cause a disproportionate loss of low- and medium-spontaneous rate (L/MSR) AN fibers. Several studies of synaptopathy have assumed that the wide dynamic ranges of L/MSR AN fiber rates are critical for coding supra-threshold sounds. First, this review will present data from the literature that argues against a direct role for average discharge rates of L/MSR AN fibers in coding sounds at moderate to high sound levels. Second, the encoding of sounds at supra-threshold levels is examined. A key assumption in many studies is that saturation of AN fiber discharge rates limits neural encoding, even though the majority of AN fibers, high-spontaneous rate (HSR) fibers, have saturated average rates at conversational sound levels. It is argued here that the cross-frequency profile of low-frequency neural fluctuation amplitudes, not average rates, encodes complex sounds. As described below, this fluctuation-profile coding mechanism benefits from both saturation of inner hair cell (IHC) transduction and average rate saturation associated with the IHC-AN synapse. Third, the role of the auditory efferent system, which receives inputs from L/MSR fibers, is revisited in the context of fluctuation-profile coding. The auditory efferent system is hypothesized to maintain and enhance neural fluctuation profiles. Lastly, central mechanisms sensitive to neural fluctuations are reviewed. Low-frequency fluctuations in AN responses are accentuated by cochlear nucleus neurons which, either directly or via other brainstem nuclei, relay fluctuation profiles to the inferior colliculus (IC). IC neurons are sensitive to the frequency and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and convert fluctuation profiles from the periphery into a phase-locked rate profile that is robust across a wide range of sound levels and in background noise. The descending projection from the midbrain (IC) to the efferent system completes a functional loop that, combined with inputs from the L/MSR pathway, is hypothesized to maintain “sharp” supra-threshold hearing, reminiscent of visual mechanisms that regulate optical accommodation. Examples from speech coding and detection in noise are reviewed. Implications for the effects of synaptopathy on control mechanisms hypothesized to influence supra-threshold hearing are discussed. This framework for understanding neural coding and control mechanisms for supra-threshold hearing suggests strategies for the design of novel hearing aid signal-processing and electrical stimulation patterns for cochlear implants.

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Persistent Auditory Nerve Damage Following Kainic Acid Excitotoxicity in the Budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus )

Abstract

Permanent loss of auditory nerve (AN) fibers occurs with increasing age and sound overexposure, sometimes without hair cell damage or associated audiometric threshold elevation. Rodent studies suggest effects of AN damage on central processing and behavior, but these species have limited capacity to discriminate low-frequency speech-like sounds. Here, we introduce a new animal model of AN damage in an avian communication specialist, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The budgerigar is a vocal learner and speech mimic with sensitive low-frequency hearing and human-like behavioral sensitivity to many complex signals including speech components. Excitotoxic AN damage was induced through bilateral cochlear infusions of kainic acid (KA). Acute KA effects on cochlear function were assessed using AN compound action potentials (CAPs) and hair cell cochlear microphonics (CMs). Long-term KA effects were assessed using auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements for up to 31 weeks post-KA exposure. KA infusion immediately abolished AN CAPs while having mild impact on the CM. ABR wave I, the far-field AN response, showed a pronounced 40–75 % amplitude reduction at moderate-to-high sound levels that persisted for the duration of the study. In contrast, wave I latency and the amplitude of wave V were nearly unaffected by KA, and waves II–IV were less reduced than wave I. ABR thresholds, calculated based on complete response waveforms, showed no impairment following KA. These results demonstrate that KA exposure in the budgerigar causes irreversible AN damage, most likely through excitotoxic injury to afferent fibers or synapses as in other species, while sparing ABR thresholds. Normal wave V amplitude, assumed to originate centrally, may persist through compensatory mechanisms that restore central response amplitude by downregulating inhibition. Future studies in this new animal model of AN damage can explore effects of this neural lesion, in isolation from hair cell trauma and threshold elevation, on central processing and perception of complex sounds.

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Correction to: Aminoglycoside Damage and Hair Cell Regeneration in the Chicken Utricle

This article was updated to correct a formatting error in Table 1.

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The role of Rho-kinase and calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1.

The role of Rho-kinase and calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1.

Microvasc Res. 2018 May 05;:

Authors: Wiciński M, Szadujkis-Szadurska K, Węclewicz MM, Malinowski B, Matusiak G, Walczak M, Wódkiewicz E, Grześk G, Pawlak-Osińska K

Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the key factors regulating tension of smooth muscles in blood vessels. It is believed that ET-1 plays an important role in pathogenesis of hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases; therefore, research in order to limit ET-1-mediated action is still in progress. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the role of Rho-kinase in the ET-1-induced constriction of arteries. The analysis also included significance of intra- and extracellular pool of calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1. The studies were performed on perfused Wistar rat tail arteries. Concentration response curve (CRC) was determined for ET-1 in the presence of increased concentrations of Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) and IP3-receptor antagonist (2APB), both in reference to constriction triggered by solely ET-1. Afterwards, the influence of calcium ions present in the perfusion fluid was evaluated in terms of the effect triggered by 2APB and occurring in arteries constricted by ET-1. ET-1, in concentration dependent manner, leads to increase in perfusion pressure. Y-27632 and 2APB lead to shift of the concentration response curve for ET-1 to the right with simultaneously lowered maximum effect. There was no difference in reaction of the artery constricted by ET-1 and treated with 2APB in solution containing calcium and in calcium-free solution. Vasoconstrictive action of endothelin is not significantly dependent on the inflow of extracellular calcium, but it is proportional to inflow of Ca2+ related to activation of IP3 receptors and to Rho-kinase activity.

PMID: 29738719 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Middle Fossa Approach for Cochlear Implantation: Caution.

Middle Fossa Approach for Cochlear Implantation: Caution.

Otol Neurotol. 2018 Jun;39(5):533-537

Authors: Bartels LJ

PMID: 29738383 [PubMed - in process]

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Barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment for children with hearing impairment in a southern Indian city: a qualitative study of parents and clinic staff.

Related Articles

Barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment for children with hearing impairment in a southern Indian city: a qualitative study of parents and clinic staff.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Oct;56(10):733-739

Authors: Merugumala SV, Pothula V, Cooper M

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In low income countries, deaf children are identified late due to the absence of a universal screening. Hearing impairment is a common yet neglected disability in India that leads to loss of speech and language. This qualitative study explored barriers to accessing appropriate hearing services in one city in southern India.
DESIGN: To identify the barriers in timely management of deafness, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were examined using Applied Thematic Analysis.
STUDY SAMPLE: Seventeen mothers of deaf children, primarily from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and eight staff members at a charitable hearing centre in Hyderabad.
RESULTS: Barriers to accessing hearing services included failure to recognise deafness, the dominant role of elders in household decisions, belief that deafness would resolve, reassurance from a child's overall good health, lack of funds and transportation barriers to reach the centre particularly from rural areas. Parents frequently learned about services through word of mouth.
CONCLUSIONS: The challenges to accessing appropriate services for deafness operate prior to presentation and include educational, cultural, navigational and financial barriers especially for those of lower socioeconomic status and residents of rural areas. The findings highlighted the need to raise awareness and implement wider screening programmes for early interventions.

PMID: 28685639 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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The role of Rho-kinase and calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1.

The role of Rho-kinase and calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1.

Microvasc Res. 2018 May 05;:

Authors: Wiciński M, Szadujkis-Szadurska K, Węclewicz MM, Malinowski B, Matusiak G, Walczak M, Wódkiewicz E, Grześk G, Pawlak-Osińska K

Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the key factors regulating tension of smooth muscles in blood vessels. It is believed that ET-1 plays an important role in pathogenesis of hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases; therefore, research in order to limit ET-1-mediated action is still in progress. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the role of Rho-kinase in the ET-1-induced constriction of arteries. The analysis also included significance of intra- and extracellular pool of calcium ions in constriction triggered by ET-1. The studies were performed on perfused Wistar rat tail arteries. Concentration response curve (CRC) was determined for ET-1 in the presence of increased concentrations of Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) and IP3-receptor antagonist (2APB), both in reference to constriction triggered by solely ET-1. Afterwards, the influence of calcium ions present in the perfusion fluid was evaluated in terms of the effect triggered by 2APB and occurring in arteries constricted by ET-1. ET-1, in concentration dependent manner, leads to increase in perfusion pressure. Y-27632 and 2APB lead to shift of the concentration response curve for ET-1 to the right with simultaneously lowered maximum effect. There was no difference in reaction of the artery constricted by ET-1 and treated with 2APB in solution containing calcium and in calcium-free solution. Vasoconstrictive action of endothelin is not significantly dependent on the inflow of extracellular calcium, but it is proportional to inflow of Ca2+ related to activation of IP3 receptors and to Rho-kinase activity.

PMID: 29738719 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Middle Fossa Approach for Cochlear Implantation: Caution.

Middle Fossa Approach for Cochlear Implantation: Caution.

Otol Neurotol. 2018 Jun;39(5):533-537

Authors: Bartels LJ

PMID: 29738383 [PubMed - in process]

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Vestibulotoxicity: strategies for clinical diagnosis and rehabilitation

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Auditory recognition in toddlers with typical hearing and toddlers with hearing loss using the Hebrew version of the Mr. Potato Head Task

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Vestibulotoxicity: strategies for clinical diagnosis and rehabilitation

.


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Auditory recognition in toddlers with typical hearing and toddlers with hearing loss using the Hebrew version of the Mr. Potato Head Task

.


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Vestibulotoxicity: strategies for clinical diagnosis and rehabilitation

.


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Auditory recognition in toddlers with typical hearing and toddlers with hearing loss using the Hebrew version of the Mr. Potato Head Task

.


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[Recurrent low frequency sensorineural deafness].

[Recurrent low frequency sensorineural deafness].

Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Mar;32(6):474-476

Authors: Lin Y, Wang JL, Sun F, Shen JJ, Wang ZX, Qiu JH, Zha DJ

Abstract
Low frequency sensorineural deafness is a common subtype of idiopathic sudden deafness. Certain patients suffered recurrent attacks without vertigo, much alike Meniere's disease. Few of them developed into definite Meniere's disease during long-term follow-up in many clinical studies. Although the pathophysiology of recurrent low frequency deafness is yet unknown, the desease is considered associated with early state of endolymphatic hydrops or migraine. Otologists shall be aware of its clinical course and careful explanation is necessary at time of initial informed consent.

PMID: 29737749 [PubMed]

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