Τετάρτη 24 Αυγούστου 2016

Expiratory and Inspiratory Cries Detection Using Different Signals' Decomposition Techniques

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Publication date: Available online 24 August 2016
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Lina Abou-Abbas, Chakib Tadj, Christian Gargour, Leila Montazeri
This paper addresses the problem of automatic cry signal segmentation for the purposes of infant cry analysis. The main goal is to automatically detect expiratory and inspiratory phases from recorded cry signals. The approach used in this paper is made up of three stages: signal decomposition, features extraction, and classification. In the first stage, short-time Fourier transform, empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and wavelet packet transform have been considered. In the second stage, various set of features have been extracted, and in the third stage, two supervised learning methods, Gaussian mixture models and hidden Markov models, with four and five states, have been discussed as well. The main goal of this work is to investigate the EMD performance and to compare it with the other standard decomposition techniques. A combination of two and three intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) that resulted from EMD has been used to represent cry signal. The performance of nine different segmentation systems has been evaluated. The experiments for each system have been repeated several times with different training and testing datasets, randomly chosen using a 10-fold cross-validation procedure. The lowest global classification error rates of around 8.9% and 11.06% have been achieved using a Gaussian mixture models classifier and a hidden Markov models classifier, respectively. Among all IMF combinations, the winner combination is IMF3+IMF4+IMF5.



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Best Treatments For Tinnitus

If you have a job or a personal life that frequently places you in situations with loud music or noise, you may be suffering from a condition known as Tinnitus. If you have it, you probably would know it because symptoms include a constant, loud ringing sound in the ears.

<strong>What is Tinnitus?</strong>

If you haven’t heard of it, tinnitus is actually a loss of hearing caused by loud noise. When people are exposed to enough loud sounds, hearing loss can be the result. Oddly, tinnitus sufferers often complain of a ringing sound when no such sound exists. The loudness of the ringing sound and the tone of that sound can vary a great deal from person to person.

<strong>Tinnitus and Its Consequences</strong>

Why should we care about the onset of tinnitus? Imagine if it were you that suddenly started to perceive that ringing sound all day and every day. This kind of condition has long-term effects that cannot be ignored. Tinnitus can cause patients to suffer a dramatic decline in the quality of their lives. The consequences of tinnitus may include various forms of psychological distress such as anxiety and depression. Even short-term memory can be affected.

<strong>Best Treatments for Tinnitus</strong>

Unfortunately, so far there is no treatment that has been shown to completely cure the condition of tinnitus. There is a need for more research to be conducted in order for the scientific community to reach the conclusion that one particular form of treatment will adequately solve the tinnitus problem. This does not mean, however, that there are not promising treatments available that could work, depending on the person.

There are a number of methods for treatment of the type of tinnitus involving hearing loss that is caused by excessive noise, otherwise known as sensorineural tinnitus. Some of these treatments address the loudness of the constant ringing sound that many sufferers experience, while other methods simply focus on reducing the emotional distress associated with the perceived ringing.

<strong>1. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy</strong>

One of the best treatments for tinnitus is Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (“TNT”) which focuses on training the brain to become accustomed to the ringing experience. The idea here is that if the brain can cope with the ringing tone, then the distress and other mental problems that often are associated with tinnitus may not develop. Talk therapy and a low-level type of background noise are employed for this purpose.

<strong>2. Tinnitus Masking</strong>

Another one of the best treatments for tinnitus is the method of “masking” or training the brain to be comfortable with the ringing tone that comes with tinnitus. This type of treatment can be done at home by listening to sounds available on the internet.

<strong> 3. Meditation</strong>

This treatment focuses primarily upon reducing the anxiety or depression that can be caused by tinnitus. Like Tinnitus Masking, this method can be done at home.

<strong>4. Drugs</strong>

No medication has yet been identified that cures tinnitus, though some, such as Clonazepam, may help to reduce the ringing sound for some people. No other drug has been shown to significantly alleviate the symptoms of tinnitus.

<strong>5. Other Treatments</strong>

There are other types of sound therapies available on the market that have yet to be objectively tested for their effectiveness. In addition, research is currently being conducted to ascertain whether stem cells could be used to cure tinnitus. While the stem cell concept is promising, a great deal of research has yet to be completed in order to understand if this treatment may offer a means of curing tinnitus completely.



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Is There a Relationship Between Speech Identification in Noise and Categorical Perception in Children With Dyslexia?

Purpose
Children with dyslexia have been suggested to experience deficits in both categorical perception (CP) and speech identification in noise (SIN) perception. However, results regarding both abilities are inconsistent, and the relationship between them is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CP and the psychometric function of SIN perception.
Method
Sixteen children with dyslexia, 16 chronological-age controls, and 16 reading-level controls were evaluated in CP of a voicing continuum and in consonant identification in both stationary and fluctuating noises.
Results
There was a small but significant impairment in speech identification performance of children with dyslexia in stationary noise compared with chronological age–matched controls (but not reading level–matched controls). However, their performance increased in a fluctuating background, hence suggesting normal masking and unmasking effects and preserved sensory processing of speech information. Regarding CP, location of the phoneme boundary differed in the children with dyslexia compared with both control groups. However, scrutinizing individual profiles failed to reveal consistently poor performance in SIN and CP tasks. In addition, there was no significant correlation between CP, SIN perception, and reading scores in the group with dyslexia.
Conclusions
The relationship between the SIN deficit and CP, and how they potentially affect reading in children with dyslexia, remains unclear. However, these results are inconsistent with the notion that children with dyslexia suffer from a low-level temporal processing deficit and rather suggest a role of nonsensory (e.g., attentional) factors in their speech perception difficulties.

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Is There a Relationship Between Speech Identification in Noise and Categorical Perception in Children With Dyslexia?

Purpose
Children with dyslexia have been suggested to experience deficits in both categorical perception (CP) and speech identification in noise (SIN) perception. However, results regarding both abilities are inconsistent, and the relationship between them is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CP and the psychometric function of SIN perception.
Method
Sixteen children with dyslexia, 16 chronological-age controls, and 16 reading-level controls were evaluated in CP of a voicing continuum and in consonant identification in both stationary and fluctuating noises.
Results
There was a small but significant impairment in speech identification performance of children with dyslexia in stationary noise compared with chronological age–matched controls (but not reading level–matched controls). However, their performance increased in a fluctuating background, hence suggesting normal masking and unmasking effects and preserved sensory processing of speech information. Regarding CP, location of the phoneme boundary differed in the children with dyslexia compared with both control groups. However, scrutinizing individual profiles failed to reveal consistently poor performance in SIN and CP tasks. In addition, there was no significant correlation between CP, SIN perception, and reading scores in the group with dyslexia.
Conclusions
The relationship between the SIN deficit and CP, and how they potentially affect reading in children with dyslexia, remains unclear. However, these results are inconsistent with the notion that children with dyslexia suffer from a low-level temporal processing deficit and rather suggest a role of nonsensory (e.g., attentional) factors in their speech perception difficulties.

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Is There a Relationship Between Speech Identification in Noise and Categorical Perception in Children With Dyslexia?

Purpose
Children with dyslexia have been suggested to experience deficits in both categorical perception (CP) and speech identification in noise (SIN) perception. However, results regarding both abilities are inconsistent, and the relationship between them is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CP and the psychometric function of SIN perception.
Method
Sixteen children with dyslexia, 16 chronological-age controls, and 16 reading-level controls were evaluated in CP of a voicing continuum and in consonant identification in both stationary and fluctuating noises.
Results
There was a small but significant impairment in speech identification performance of children with dyslexia in stationary noise compared with chronological age–matched controls (but not reading level–matched controls). However, their performance increased in a fluctuating background, hence suggesting normal masking and unmasking effects and preserved sensory processing of speech information. Regarding CP, location of the phoneme boundary differed in the children with dyslexia compared with both control groups. However, scrutinizing individual profiles failed to reveal consistently poor performance in SIN and CP tasks. In addition, there was no significant correlation between CP, SIN perception, and reading scores in the group with dyslexia.
Conclusions
The relationship between the SIN deficit and CP, and how they potentially affect reading in children with dyslexia, remains unclear. However, these results are inconsistent with the notion that children with dyslexia suffer from a low-level temporal processing deficit and rather suggest a role of nonsensory (e.g., attentional) factors in their speech perception difficulties.

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Tinnitus Intervention

The evidence for the efficacy of tinnitus intervention has been plagued by poorly designed trials without appropriate randomization and controls. Henry et al. (2016) performed a multi-site randomized control trial (RCT) to compare two methods of tinnitus intervention to two control conditions. The study was completed at four Veterans Affairs Hospital sites. The two intervention methods included tinnitus masking (TM) and tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT). The two controls included a tinnitus education (TED) group and wait-list control (WLC).



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A cohort study of tibialis anterior tendon shortening in combination with calf muscle lengthening in spastic equinus in cerebral palsy

Publication date: October 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 50
Author(s): S.T.J. Tsang, D. McMorran, L. Robinson, J. Herman, J.E. Robb, M.S. Gaston
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of combined tibialis anterior tendon shortening (TATS) and calf muscle-tendon lengthening (CMTL) in spastic equinus.Prospectively collected data was analysed in 26 patients with hemiplegic (n=13) and diplegic (n=13) cerebral palsy (CP) (GMFCS level I or II, 14 males, 12 females, age range 10–35 years; mean 16.8 years). All patients had pre-operative 3D gait analysis and a further analysis at a mean of 17.1 months (±5.6months) after surgery. None was lost to follow-up. Twenty-eight combined TATS and CMTL were undertaken and 19 patients had additional synchronous multilevel surgery. At follow-up 79% of patients had improved foot positioning at initial contact, whilst 68% reported improved fitting or reduced requirement of orthotic support. Statistically significant improvements were seen in the Movement Analysis Profile for ankle dorsi-/plantarflexion (4.15°, p=0.032), maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase (11.68°, p<0.001), and Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) (4.85, p=0.014). Diplegic patients had a greater improvement in the EVGS than hemiplegics (6.27 -vs- 2.21, p=0.024).The originators of combined TATS and CMTL showed that it improved foot positioning during gait. The present study has independently confirmed favourable outcomes in a similar patient population and added additional outcome measures, the EVGS, foot positioning at initial contact, and maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase. Study limitations include short term follow-up in a heterogeneous population and that 19 patients had additional surgery. TATS combined with CMTL is a recommended option for spastic equinus in ambulatory patients with CP.



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A cohort study of tibialis anterior tendon shortening in combination with calf muscle lengthening in spastic equinus in cerebral palsy

Publication date: October 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 50
Author(s): S.T.J. Tsang, D. McMorran, L. Robinson, J. Herman, J.E. Robb, M.S. Gaston
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of combined tibialis anterior tendon shortening (TATS) and calf muscle-tendon lengthening (CMTL) in spastic equinus.Prospectively collected data was analysed in 26 patients with hemiplegic (n=13) and diplegic (n=13) cerebral palsy (CP) (GMFCS level I or II, 14 males, 12 females, age range 10–35 years; mean 16.8 years). All patients had pre-operative 3D gait analysis and a further analysis at a mean of 17.1 months (±5.6months) after surgery. None was lost to follow-up. Twenty-eight combined TATS and CMTL were undertaken and 19 patients had additional synchronous multilevel surgery. At follow-up 79% of patients had improved foot positioning at initial contact, whilst 68% reported improved fitting or reduced requirement of orthotic support. Statistically significant improvements were seen in the Movement Analysis Profile for ankle dorsi-/plantarflexion (4.15°, p=0.032), maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase (11.68°, p<0.001), and Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) (4.85, p=0.014). Diplegic patients had a greater improvement in the EVGS than hemiplegics (6.27 -vs- 2.21, p=0.024).The originators of combined TATS and CMTL showed that it improved foot positioning during gait. The present study has independently confirmed favourable outcomes in a similar patient population and added additional outcome measures, the EVGS, foot positioning at initial contact, and maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase. Study limitations include short term follow-up in a heterogeneous population and that 19 patients had additional surgery. TATS combined with CMTL is a recommended option for spastic equinus in ambulatory patients with CP.



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A cohort study of tibialis anterior tendon shortening in combination with calf muscle lengthening in spastic equinus in cerebral palsy

Publication date: October 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 50
Author(s): S.T.J. Tsang, D. McMorran, L. Robinson, J. Herman, J.E. Robb, M.S. Gaston
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of combined tibialis anterior tendon shortening (TATS) and calf muscle-tendon lengthening (CMTL) in spastic equinus.Prospectively collected data was analysed in 26 patients with hemiplegic (n=13) and diplegic (n=13) cerebral palsy (CP) (GMFCS level I or II, 14 males, 12 females, age range 10–35 years; mean 16.8 years). All patients had pre-operative 3D gait analysis and a further analysis at a mean of 17.1 months (±5.6months) after surgery. None was lost to follow-up. Twenty-eight combined TATS and CMTL were undertaken and 19 patients had additional synchronous multilevel surgery. At follow-up 79% of patients had improved foot positioning at initial contact, whilst 68% reported improved fitting or reduced requirement of orthotic support. Statistically significant improvements were seen in the Movement Analysis Profile for ankle dorsi-/plantarflexion (4.15°, p=0.032), maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase (11.68°, p<0.001), and Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) (4.85, p=0.014). Diplegic patients had a greater improvement in the EVGS than hemiplegics (6.27 -vs- 2.21, p=0.024).The originators of combined TATS and CMTL showed that it improved foot positioning during gait. The present study has independently confirmed favourable outcomes in a similar patient population and added additional outcome measures, the EVGS, foot positioning at initial contact, and maximum ankle dorsiflexion during swing phase. Study limitations include short term follow-up in a heterogeneous population and that 19 patients had additional surgery. TATS combined with CMTL is a recommended option for spastic equinus in ambulatory patients with CP.



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