The Rooster’s Closing Canal

Birds, with the exception of the Barn Owl, do not hear well at high frequencies. Chicken (hen or rooster), for example, have very sensitive hearing in the low frequencies but are limited to hearing sounds below 10 kHz. Given their sensitivity to low-frequency sound, one might wonder how a rooster that wakes up entire villages every morning with its crowing, keeps from losing its own hearing.

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The Walk Ratio: Investigation of invariance across walking conditions and gender in community-dwelling older people

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bård Bogen, Rolf Moe-Nilssen, Anette Hylen Ranhoff, Mona Kristin Aaslund
BackgroundThe step length-cadence ratio, also called the walk ratio (WR; cm/steps/min) is a measure of cautious gait, poor balance control or impaired gait, but has not been investigated for both genders in a general population of older adults across different speeds and conditions.MethodThe participants were community-dwelling volunteers between 70-81 years. They walked 6.5 meters under four different conditions: At preferred speed, fast speed, during a dual task condition and on an uneven surface. Step length (cm) and cadence (steps/minute) was captured using a body-worn sensor. Both cadence and step lengths were adjusted for body height.Results70 older adults participated (mean age 75.5 (SD 3.4), 60 percent women). The WR was 0.60 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during preferred speed walking, 0.58 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during fast walking, 0.68 cm/steps/min (SD 0.18) during dual task-walking and 0.59 cm/steps/min (0.07) during uneven surface-walking. In planned pairwise comparisons, the WR during dual task was significantly different from preferred speed walking (mean difference −0.087 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.140, −0.033), from fast speed walking (mean difference −0.098 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.154, −0.041) and uneven surface walking (mean difference 0.092 cm/steps/min, 95% CI 0.040, 0.145). There were no gender differences except during the fast walking condition, where women had a significantly lower WR than the men (0.56 cm/steps/min vs 0.61 cm/steps/min, p = 0.002).DiscussionWe found that the WR is invariant during different speeds, and during an uneven surface condition, but is affected during a dual task-condition, when attention must be divided between a cognitive and a motor task.



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Reduction of frontal plane knee load caused by lateral trunk lean depends on step width

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): J. Anderson, S. King, A. Przybyla, L.R. Ranganath, G.J. Barton
The internal knee abduction moment (KAM) in osteoarthritis is reduced by increased lateral trunk lean (TL). Mechanistically, this occurs as the Centre of Mass (COM) moves further over the stance leg. Since the size of the base of support constrains the COM, an associated increase in step width (SW) would be expected to maintain stability. This study tested the effects of TL on SW and KAM in healthy participants (n = 21) who performed normal and 6° TL walks. The latter was controlled via audio-visual biofeedback. We found two distinct gait strategies in TL walk: widening the step width substantially (>50%) to permit an increase in the COM displacement (WSW, n = 13), or maintaining a baseline SW and minimally displacing the COM by moving the hip/pelvic complex in the opposite direction (NSW, n = 8). WSW doubled SW (11.3 ± 2.4 v. 24.7 ± 5.5 cm, p < .0001), NSW did not change SW (12.2 ± 2.8 v. 13.7 ± 4.7 cm, p > 0.05). These two distinct gait strategies resulted in unique patterns of KAM reduction across the stance phase. NSW reduced KAM impulse significantly in the initial half (0.08 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.02, p = .04) but not in the later stance phase (0.07 ± 0.02 v. 0.07 ± 0.04, p > 0.05). WSW reduced KAM significantly in both initial (0.11 ± 0.03 v. 0.08 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and later stance phase (0.09 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.03, p < 0.001). KAM peak results followed the pattern of impulse. This study has revealed two distinct mechanisms for increasing lateral trunk lean which can be used to explain discrepancies in past research and in the future could be used to individualise gait re-training strategies.

Graphical abstract

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Single leg squat ratings by clinicians are reliable and predict excessive hip internal rotation moment

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Robert M. Barker-Davies, Andrew Roberts, Alexander N. Bennett, Daniel T.P. Fong, Patrick Wheeler, Mark Lewis
BackgroundSingle leg squats are commonly used subjective assessments of general biomechanical function, injury risk, as a predictor for recovery and as an outcome measure of rehabilitation. While 3D motion capture is a useful tool for elite sports performance and research it is impractical for routine clinical use.Research QuestionThis cross-sectional study aims to: assess reliability and validity of clinicians’ subjective ratings of single leg squats compared to 3D motion capture, and to identify whether performance predicts joint moments.Methods22 healthy military volunteers were simultaneously recorded on video and 3D motion capture performing single leg squats. Videos were reviewed twice by 5 physiotherapists rating performance on a 0–5 scale assessing squat depth, hip adduction, pelvic obliquity, pelvic tilt and trunk flexion summated into a composite score.ResultsHip adduction and trunk flexion exhibited moderate to substantial inter- and intra-rater reliability (range κ = 0.408–0.699) other individual criteria were mostly fair (κ ≤ 0.4). Composite scores for inter-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.419 and ICC(1,κ) = 0.783 and intra-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.672 and κ(w) = 0.526. Validity against 3D kinematics was poor with only 6/75 individually rated criteria reaching κ > 0.40. Correlation was found between composite scores and hip internal rotation moment (rs = 0.571, p = 0.009).SignificanceRepeated use of single leg squats by a single practitioner is supported. Comparisons between clinicians are unreliable but improved by average measures from multiple raters. Heterogeneous reliability across scoring components suggests a qualitative description of the criteria scored is less ambiguous than using composite scores in a clinical setting. Composite scores may be more useful for analysis at a population level. Poor validity against kinematic data suggests clinicians use additional information upon which they find agreement such as estimating kinetics. Correlation between hip internal rotation moment and subjective ratings may be such an example of clinicians trying to identify excessive abnormal loading.



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The Walk Ratio: Investigation of invariance across walking conditions and gender in community-dwelling older people

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bård Bogen, Rolf Moe-Nilssen, Anette Hylen Ranhoff, Mona Kristin Aaslund
BackgroundThe step length-cadence ratio, also called the walk ratio (WR; cm/steps/min) is a measure of cautious gait, poor balance control or impaired gait, but has not been investigated for both genders in a general population of older adults across different speeds and conditions.MethodThe participants were community-dwelling volunteers between 70-81 years. They walked 6.5 meters under four different conditions: At preferred speed, fast speed, during a dual task condition and on an uneven surface. Step length (cm) and cadence (steps/minute) was captured using a body-worn sensor. Both cadence and step lengths were adjusted for body height.Results70 older adults participated (mean age 75.5 (SD 3.4), 60 percent women). The WR was 0.60 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during preferred speed walking, 0.58 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during fast walking, 0.68 cm/steps/min (SD 0.18) during dual task-walking and 0.59 cm/steps/min (0.07) during uneven surface-walking. In planned pairwise comparisons, the WR during dual task was significantly different from preferred speed walking (mean difference −0.087 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.140, −0.033), from fast speed walking (mean difference −0.098 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.154, −0.041) and uneven surface walking (mean difference 0.092 cm/steps/min, 95% CI 0.040, 0.145). There were no gender differences except during the fast walking condition, where women had a significantly lower WR than the men (0.56 cm/steps/min vs 0.61 cm/steps/min, p = 0.002).DiscussionWe found that the WR is invariant during different speeds, and during an uneven surface condition, but is affected during a dual task-condition, when attention must be divided between a cognitive and a motor task.



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Reduction of frontal plane knee load caused by lateral trunk lean depends on step width

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): J. Anderson, S. King, A. Przybyla, L.R. Ranganath, G.J. Barton
The internal knee abduction moment (KAM) in osteoarthritis is reduced by increased lateral trunk lean (TL). Mechanistically, this occurs as the Centre of Mass (COM) moves further over the stance leg. Since the size of the base of support constrains the COM, an associated increase in step width (SW) would be expected to maintain stability. This study tested the effects of TL on SW and KAM in healthy participants (n = 21) who performed normal and 6° TL walks. The latter was controlled via audio-visual biofeedback. We found two distinct gait strategies in TL walk: widening the step width substantially (>50%) to permit an increase in the COM displacement (WSW, n = 13), or maintaining a baseline SW and minimally displacing the COM by moving the hip/pelvic complex in the opposite direction (NSW, n = 8). WSW doubled SW (11.3 ± 2.4 v. 24.7 ± 5.5 cm, p < .0001), NSW did not change SW (12.2 ± 2.8 v. 13.7 ± 4.7 cm, p > 0.05). These two distinct gait strategies resulted in unique patterns of KAM reduction across the stance phase. NSW reduced KAM impulse significantly in the initial half (0.08 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.02, p = .04) but not in the later stance phase (0.07 ± 0.02 v. 0.07 ± 0.04, p > 0.05). WSW reduced KAM significantly in both initial (0.11 ± 0.03 v. 0.08 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and later stance phase (0.09 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.03, p < 0.001). KAM peak results followed the pattern of impulse. This study has revealed two distinct mechanisms for increasing lateral trunk lean which can be used to explain discrepancies in past research and in the future could be used to individualise gait re-training strategies.

Graphical abstract

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Single leg squat ratings by clinicians are reliable and predict excessive hip internal rotation moment

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Robert M. Barker-Davies, Andrew Roberts, Alexander N. Bennett, Daniel T.P. Fong, Patrick Wheeler, Mark Lewis
BackgroundSingle leg squats are commonly used subjective assessments of general biomechanical function, injury risk, as a predictor for recovery and as an outcome measure of rehabilitation. While 3D motion capture is a useful tool for elite sports performance and research it is impractical for routine clinical use.Research QuestionThis cross-sectional study aims to: assess reliability and validity of clinicians’ subjective ratings of single leg squats compared to 3D motion capture, and to identify whether performance predicts joint moments.Methods22 healthy military volunteers were simultaneously recorded on video and 3D motion capture performing single leg squats. Videos were reviewed twice by 5 physiotherapists rating performance on a 0–5 scale assessing squat depth, hip adduction, pelvic obliquity, pelvic tilt and trunk flexion summated into a composite score.ResultsHip adduction and trunk flexion exhibited moderate to substantial inter- and intra-rater reliability (range κ = 0.408–0.699) other individual criteria were mostly fair (κ ≤ 0.4). Composite scores for inter-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.419 and ICC(1,κ) = 0.783 and intra-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.672 and κ(w) = 0.526. Validity against 3D kinematics was poor with only 6/75 individually rated criteria reaching κ > 0.40. Correlation was found between composite scores and hip internal rotation moment (rs = 0.571, p = 0.009).SignificanceRepeated use of single leg squats by a single practitioner is supported. Comparisons between clinicians are unreliable but improved by average measures from multiple raters. Heterogeneous reliability across scoring components suggests a qualitative description of the criteria scored is less ambiguous than using composite scores in a clinical setting. Composite scores may be more useful for analysis at a population level. Poor validity against kinematic data suggests clinicians use additional information upon which they find agreement such as estimating kinetics. Correlation between hip internal rotation moment and subjective ratings may be such an example of clinicians trying to identify excessive abnormal loading.



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The Walk Ratio: Investigation of invariance across walking conditions and gender in community-dwelling older people

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Bård Bogen, Rolf Moe-Nilssen, Anette Hylen Ranhoff, Mona Kristin Aaslund
BackgroundThe step length-cadence ratio, also called the walk ratio (WR; cm/steps/min) is a measure of cautious gait, poor balance control or impaired gait, but has not been investigated for both genders in a general population of older adults across different speeds and conditions.MethodThe participants were community-dwelling volunteers between 70-81 years. They walked 6.5 meters under four different conditions: At preferred speed, fast speed, during a dual task condition and on an uneven surface. Step length (cm) and cadence (steps/minute) was captured using a body-worn sensor. Both cadence and step lengths were adjusted for body height.Results70 older adults participated (mean age 75.5 (SD 3.4), 60 percent women). The WR was 0.60 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during preferred speed walking, 0.58 cm/steps/min (SD 0.07) during fast walking, 0.68 cm/steps/min (SD 0.18) during dual task-walking and 0.59 cm/steps/min (0.07) during uneven surface-walking. In planned pairwise comparisons, the WR during dual task was significantly different from preferred speed walking (mean difference −0.087 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.140, −0.033), from fast speed walking (mean difference −0.098 cm/steps/min, 95% CI −0.154, −0.041) and uneven surface walking (mean difference 0.092 cm/steps/min, 95% CI 0.040, 0.145). There were no gender differences except during the fast walking condition, where women had a significantly lower WR than the men (0.56 cm/steps/min vs 0.61 cm/steps/min, p = 0.002).DiscussionWe found that the WR is invariant during different speeds, and during an uneven surface condition, but is affected during a dual task-condition, when attention must be divided between a cognitive and a motor task.



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Reduction of frontal plane knee load caused by lateral trunk lean depends on step width

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): J. Anderson, S. King, A. Przybyla, L.R. Ranganath, G.J. Barton
The internal knee abduction moment (KAM) in osteoarthritis is reduced by increased lateral trunk lean (TL). Mechanistically, this occurs as the Centre of Mass (COM) moves further over the stance leg. Since the size of the base of support constrains the COM, an associated increase in step width (SW) would be expected to maintain stability. This study tested the effects of TL on SW and KAM in healthy participants (n = 21) who performed normal and 6° TL walks. The latter was controlled via audio-visual biofeedback. We found two distinct gait strategies in TL walk: widening the step width substantially (>50%) to permit an increase in the COM displacement (WSW, n = 13), or maintaining a baseline SW and minimally displacing the COM by moving the hip/pelvic complex in the opposite direction (NSW, n = 8). WSW doubled SW (11.3 ± 2.4 v. 24.7 ± 5.5 cm, p < .0001), NSW did not change SW (12.2 ± 2.8 v. 13.7 ± 4.7 cm, p > 0.05). These two distinct gait strategies resulted in unique patterns of KAM reduction across the stance phase. NSW reduced KAM impulse significantly in the initial half (0.08 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.02, p = .04) but not in the later stance phase (0.07 ± 0.02 v. 0.07 ± 0.04, p > 0.05). WSW reduced KAM significantly in both initial (0.11 ± 0.03 v. 0.08 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and later stance phase (0.09 ± 0.02 v. 0.06 ± 0.03, p < 0.001). KAM peak results followed the pattern of impulse. This study has revealed two distinct mechanisms for increasing lateral trunk lean which can be used to explain discrepancies in past research and in the future could be used to individualise gait re-training strategies.

Graphical abstract

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Single leg squat ratings by clinicians are reliable and predict excessive hip internal rotation moment

Publication date: Available online 21 February 2018
Source:Gait & Posture
Author(s): Robert M. Barker-Davies, Andrew Roberts, Alexander N. Bennett, Daniel T.P. Fong, Patrick Wheeler, Mark Lewis
BackgroundSingle leg squats are commonly used subjective assessments of general biomechanical function, injury risk, as a predictor for recovery and as an outcome measure of rehabilitation. While 3D motion capture is a useful tool for elite sports performance and research it is impractical for routine clinical use.Research QuestionThis cross-sectional study aims to: assess reliability and validity of clinicians’ subjective ratings of single leg squats compared to 3D motion capture, and to identify whether performance predicts joint moments.Methods22 healthy military volunteers were simultaneously recorded on video and 3D motion capture performing single leg squats. Videos were reviewed twice by 5 physiotherapists rating performance on a 0–5 scale assessing squat depth, hip adduction, pelvic obliquity, pelvic tilt and trunk flexion summated into a composite score.ResultsHip adduction and trunk flexion exhibited moderate to substantial inter- and intra-rater reliability (range κ = 0.408–0.699) other individual criteria were mostly fair (κ ≤ 0.4). Composite scores for inter-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.419 and ICC(1,κ) = 0.783 and intra-rater reliability were ICC(1,1) = 0.672 and κ(w) = 0.526. Validity against 3D kinematics was poor with only 6/75 individually rated criteria reaching κ > 0.40. Correlation was found between composite scores and hip internal rotation moment (rs = 0.571, p = 0.009).SignificanceRepeated use of single leg squats by a single practitioner is supported. Comparisons between clinicians are unreliable but improved by average measures from multiple raters. Heterogeneous reliability across scoring components suggests a qualitative description of the criteria scored is less ambiguous than using composite scores in a clinical setting. Composite scores may be more useful for analysis at a population level. Poor validity against kinematic data suggests clinicians use additional information upon which they find agreement such as estimating kinetics. Correlation between hip internal rotation moment and subjective ratings may be such an example of clinicians trying to identify excessive abnormal loading.



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