Πέμπτη 17 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Qué es el bocio amiloide y otras causas inusuales

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

¿Qué es el bocio y cuál es su relevancia?

El bocio es el aumento de tamaño de la glándula tiroides, detectable a simple vista, por palpación o por pruebas de imagen. Cuando es visible en forma de bulto en la cara anterior del cuello, una característica del mismo es que el bulto sube y baja al tragar.

La relevancia del bocio es, en primer lugar, llamar la atención hacia el tiroides, su posible disfunción y las causas que lo originan. En segundo lugar, el aumento de tamaño per se puede ser un problema si provoca compresión de las estructuras vecinas (dificultad al tragar si comprime el esófago (disfagia), dificultad al respirar si comprime la tráquea (disnea), alteración de la voz si comprime el nervio recurrente que inerva las cuerdas vocales (disfonía).

Cuando el bocio ocasiona síntomas compresivos, es necesario tratarlos y habitualmente el tratamiento es quirúrgico.

¿Qué puede provocar bocio?

Las causas más frecuentes de bocio son las que se acompañan de disfunción del tiroides (hipo o hipertiroidismo) y aquellas en que el organismo aumenta el tamaño del tiroides para prevenirla (por ejemplo, en caso de falta de yodo o de autoinmunidad tiroidea). A nivel mundial, la deficiencia de yodo es la causa más frecuente.

Otras posibles causas son los nódulos tiroideos (quistes o tumores) y las infecciones e inflamaciones de la glándula. Cuando el bocio incluye nódulos se denomina bocio nodular.

Otro grupo de posibles causas son las infiltrativas/por depósito, muy infrecuentes pero diversas (sustancia amiloide, sarcoidosis, lipomatosis). La sustancia amiloide es un material formado por componentes proteicos que se pliegan anormalmente de una manera determinada. Se puede producir por acúmulo de sustancia amiloide de origen genético (amiloidosis primaria), por consecuencia de una infección o inflamación en el organismo de larga duración (por ejemplo, broquiectasias o artritis reumatoide, amiloidosis secundaria) o en ocasiones acompañando a un tumor. El bocio amiloide puede acompañarse de crecimiento rápido del tiroides y hay que sospechar la posibilidad de este diagnóstico cuando un bocio de crecimiento rápido se presenta en un paciente que tiene una enfermedad que lo puede originar.

La sustancia amiloide se puede apreciar por análisis microscópico del material de punción-aspiración con aguja fina, pero el diagnóstico definitivo de bocio amiloide se realiza tras cirugía y examen anatomopatológico. La cirugía supone también el tratamiento.

  • El bocio amiloide es el aumento de tamaño de la glándula tiroidea por acumulación de sustancia amiloide (fragmentos de proteína plegados de manera característica).
  • Se da por causas genéticas (amiloidosis primaria) o como consecuencia de infecciones o enfermedades inflamatorias de larga duración (amiloidosis secundaria).
  • Puede originar crecimiento rápido del tiroides y la cirugía proporciona confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento.

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La entrada Qué es el bocio amiloide y otras causas inusuales se publicó primero en Cuida tu tiroides.

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Post‐operative survival in head & neck cancer patients with elevated troponins

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Objective

The strenuous demands of head and neck cancer surgery (HNS) place patients at increased risk of myocardial injury. Troponin positivity (TP) post-operatively is a predictor of increased complications and mortality. The present study is the first to investigate the effects of TP on potential delays in adjuvant treatment and disease-specific survival.

Methods

All patients undergoing HNS from 2014 to 2016 had troponins measured at a single academic center. Relevant patient data was extracted on retrospective chart review.

Results

Of 166 patients, 26 (15.6%) developed TP post-operatively. There was no significant difference between cohorts for baseline characteristics except for age. Overall and disease-specific survival for TP patients were respectively 45.9% and 57.4% at 3 years. There was no significant difference between cohorts for overall & disease-specific survival, and time to adjuvant therapy.

Conclusion

No significant association was found between TP and overall & disease-specific survival, and time to adjuvant therapy.

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Oncologic Outcomes After Clinically Node-Negative Salvage Laryngectomy

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

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This cohort study investigates the association of elective nec k dissection vs observation with oncologic outcomes among patients who received clinically node-negative salvage total laryngectomy.
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Τετάρτη 16 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Correlation between asparaginase enzyme activity levels and coagulation parameters during childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Thromboembolism is a serious toxicity in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but little is known about the correlation between asparaginase enzyme activity (ASA) levels and coagulation parameters. We included 65 non-high risk ALL patients, aged 1–17 years. Coagulation parameters and corresponding ASA levels were measured during asparaginase treatment. We found ASA to be negatively correlated with antithrombin and fibrinogen up to ASA levels of 250 IU/L, after which these parameters reached a plateau and did not decrease further with further increase of ASA. Patients with silent inactivation of asparaginase had normal coagulation parameters.

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Differences in palliative opportunities across diagnosis groups in children with cancer

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Background

Childhood cancer causes significant physical and emotional stress. Patients and families benefit from palliative care (PC) to reduce symptom burden, improve quality of life, and enhance family-centered care. We evaluated palliative opportunities across leukemia/lymphoma (LL), solid tumors (ST), and central nervous system (CNS) tumor groups.

Procedure

A priori, nine palliative opportunities were defined: disease progression/relapse, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, phase 1 trial enrollment, admission for severe symptoms, social concerns or end-of-life (EOL) care, intensive care admission, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status, and hospice enrollment. A single-center retrospective review was completed on 0–18-year olds with cancer who died from January 1, 2012 to November 30, 2017. Demographic, disease, and treatment data were collected. Descriptive statistics were performed. Opportunities were evaluated from diagnosis to death and across disease groups.

Results

Included patients (n = 296) had LL (n = 87), ST (n = 114), or CNS tumors (n = 95). Palliative opportunities were more frequent in patients with ST (median 8) and CNS tumors (median 7) versus LL (median 5, p = .0005). While patients with ST had more progression/relapse opportunities (p < .0001), patients with CNS tumors had more EOL opportunities (p < .0001), earlier PC consultation, DNR status, and hospice enrollment. Palliative opportunities increased toward the EOL in all diseases (p < .0001). PC was consulted in 108 (36%) patients: LL (48%), ST (30%), and CNS (34%, p = .02).

Conclusions

All children with cancer incur many events warranting PC support. Patients with ST and CNS tumors had more palliative opportunities than LL, yet received less subspecialty PC. Understanding palliative opportunities within each disease group can guide PC utilization to ease patient and family stress.

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Τρίτη 15 Νοεμβρίου 2022

Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders − INfORM recommendations: Comprehensive and short‐form adaptations for children

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Background

The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) are used worldwide in adults. Until now, no adaptation for use in children has been proposed.

Objective

To present comprehensive and short-form adaptations of Axis I and II of the DC/TMD for adults that are appropriate for use with children in clinical and research settings.

Methods

Global Delphi studies with experts in TMDs and in pain psychology identified ways of adapting the DC/TMD for children.

Results

The proposed adaptation is suitable for children aged 6−9 years. Proposed changes in Axis I include (i) adapting the language of the Demographics and the Symptom Questionnaires to be developmentally appropriate for children, (ii) adding a general health questionnaire for children and one for their parents, (iii) replacing the TMD Pain Screener with the 3Q/TMD questionnaire, and (iv) modifying the clinical examination protocol. Proposed changes in Axis II include (i) for the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, to be developmentally appropriate for children, and (ii) adding anxiety and depression assessments that have been validated in children, and (iii) adding three constructs (stress, catastrophizing, and sleep disorders) to assess psychosocial functioning in children.

Conclusion

The recommended DC/TMD, including Axis I and Axis II, for children aged 6−9 years, is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings. This adapted first version for children includes changes in Axis I and Axis II changes requiring reliability and validity testing in international settings. Official translations to different languages according to INfORM requirements will enable a worldwide dissemination and implementation.

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Full arch immediate occlusal loading using site specific implants: a clinical series of 10 patients (13 arches)

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader

Abstract

Purpose

Osseointegration of dental endosseous implants has proven to be effective, predictable, and clinically successful. Unloaded healing protocols were originally used in treating edentulous patients. Full arch immediate occlusal loading protocols have been shown to be as effective as unloaded healing protocols. This paper reports on the results, benefits, and limitations of one specific immediate loading protocol using site specific implants for fresh extraction and healed extraction sites.

Materials and Methods

Ten consecutive patients [{13 arches} (age range: 64–81 years; average: 70.1) (4 males/6 females) were treated by the first 2 authors in private practice settings. Hopeless teeth were scheduled for extraction with immediate implant placement and immediate loading with insertion of full arch, screw-retained, acrylic resin interim prostheses within 24 hours. Implants were also placed into healed edentulous ridges. Insertion torque values for each implant were recorded. Interim prostheses were removed after at least 3 months of healing. Implants were reverse torque tested (35Ncm) and evaluated for macroscopic mobility. Definitive full arch prostheses were made. Patients were followed for 21- 48 months post implant surgery. Panoramic radiographs were taken immediately post implant placement and one year post operative.

Results

Thirteen arches were treated; 11 ultrawide diameter implants were placed into molar sockets, 26 inverted body-shift implants were placed into anterior sockets; 25 standard diameter, tapered implants were placed into edentulous sites; 2 zygomatic implants were placed in one patient. The total number of implants placed was 64 (4 pre-existing implants were also used and not included in this study). The minimum implant insertion torque value was 20Ncm. After 12–18 months of function (average 14 months), the implant and prosthetic survival rates were 100%. Eight patients were restored with definitive zirconia or acrylic resin hybrid fixed prostheses. Two patients were restored with bar titanium frameworks and removable overdenture prostheses. No prosthetic complications were reported for the definitive prostheses.

Conclusions

The results of this clinical series with site specific implants and immediate full arch occlusal loading in treating edentulous patients resulted in 100% clinical implant and prosthetic survival rates. According to this study, this protocol can be used with high levels of anticipated success.

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