Sex-specific walking kinematics and kinetics in individuals with unilateral, symptomatic hip osteoarthritis: a cross sectional study

Publication date: Available online 31 July 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): Kim Allison, Michelle Hall, Tim V. Wrigley, Yong-Hao Pua, Ben Metcalf, Kim L. Bennell

Abstract

Background

Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant cause of disability, with hip pain and reduced external hip moments during walking being key features of the condition. The external hip adduction moment is greater in healthy women than men, however these between-sex differences are not evident in those with end-stage hip OA. Whether sex-specific hip kinetics are associated with early-midstage hip OA has not been investigated and may be a potential target for directed treatment.

Methods

Thirty-eight women and twenty-eight men with a diagnosis of symptomatic, unilateral, mild-to-moderate hip OA (Kellegren-Lawrence Grade 2 or 3) underwent three-dimensional gait analysis of normal walking gait using Vicon motion capture. Hip joint, trunk and pelvic angles and hip moments were calculated using the Plug-in-Gait model. The external peak flexion moment, and the first peak, second peak and mid-stance minimum of the hip adduction moment during the stance phase of walking as well as hip, trunk and pelvic kinematics occurring at the three moment time points were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance.

Results

Women with hip OA exhibited a greater external hip adduction moment (mean difference 0.8-1.3 Nm/BW.Ht(%), P < 0.05) and greater hip adduction angles (mean difference 2.8-4.9 degrees, P < 0.05) throughout stance than men. Men walked with a greater forward trunk lean than women during early to midstance (mean difference 2.9-3.5 degrees, P < 0.05) than women.

Significance

In contrast to late stage hip OA, between-sex difference in hip joint kinematics and kinetics are preserved in early-midstage hip OA.

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Gender and Limb Differences in Temporal Gait Parameters and Gait Variability in Ankle Osteoarthritis

Publication date: Available online 31 July 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): C.N. Hughes-Oliver, D Srinivasan, D Schmitt, R.M. Queen

Abstract

Background

The effects of ankle osteoarthritis on gait are noticeable in the clinic, but are difficult to quantify and score without detailed kinematic and kinetic analysis. Evaluation of temporal gait parameters and gait variability is a potential alternative.

Research Question

This study aimed to determine associations between limb and gender with temporal gait parameters and gait variability in ankle OA patients to evaluate the utility of these parameters for gait assessment in a clinical setting.

Methods

Following informed consent, 242 end-stage unilateral ankle OA patients walked at self-selected speed across force plates. Means and stride-to-stride standard deviations (SD) of stride, swing, stance, and double support times were determined for each patient. Limb x Gender ANCOVA models co-varying for walking speed were run for swing and stance times, while stride and double support times were only compared between genders. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS (α = 0.05).

Results

Walking speed affected all measures of interest. After adjusting for walking speed, mean stride time, stride time SD, and stance time SD were 3.5%, 67% and 29% higher among women than men (p = 0.002, 0.035 and 0.02 respectively). Swing time was 12% higher and stance time was 6% lower on the affected side compared to the unaffected side (p < 0.001 for both).

Significance

Women have longer stride times and higher variability, which may indicate higher fall risk. Both genders minimized loading on the affected limb by increasing swing time and reducing stance time on the affected side. Simple, easy to record temporal gait patterns can provide useful insight into gait abnormalities in patients with ankle OA.

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Sex-specific walking kinematics and kinetics in individuals with unilateral, symptomatic hip osteoarthritis: a cross sectional study

Publication date: Available online 31 July 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): Kim Allison, Michelle Hall, Tim V. Wrigley, Yong-Hao Pua, Ben Metcalf, Kim L. Bennell

Abstract

Background

Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant cause of disability, with hip pain and reduced external hip moments during walking being key features of the condition. The external hip adduction moment is greater in healthy women than men, however these between-sex differences are not evident in those with end-stage hip OA. Whether sex-specific hip kinetics are associated with early-midstage hip OA has not been investigated and may be a potential target for directed treatment.

Methods

Thirty-eight women and twenty-eight men with a diagnosis of symptomatic, unilateral, mild-to-moderate hip OA (Kellegren-Lawrence Grade 2 or 3) underwent three-dimensional gait analysis of normal walking gait using Vicon motion capture. Hip joint, trunk and pelvic angles and hip moments were calculated using the Plug-in-Gait model. The external peak flexion moment, and the first peak, second peak and mid-stance minimum of the hip adduction moment during the stance phase of walking as well as hip, trunk and pelvic kinematics occurring at the three moment time points were compared between groups using an analysis of covariance.

Results

Women with hip OA exhibited a greater external hip adduction moment (mean difference 0.8-1.3 Nm/BW.Ht(%), P < 0.05) and greater hip adduction angles (mean difference 2.8-4.9 degrees, P < 0.05) throughout stance than men. Men walked with a greater forward trunk lean than women during early to midstance (mean difference 2.9-3.5 degrees, P < 0.05) than women.

Significance

In contrast to late stage hip OA, between-sex difference in hip joint kinematics and kinetics are preserved in early-midstage hip OA.

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Gender and Limb Differences in Temporal Gait Parameters and Gait Variability in Ankle Osteoarthritis

Publication date: Available online 31 July 2018

Source: Gait & Posture

Author(s): C.N. Hughes-Oliver, D Srinivasan, D Schmitt, R.M. Queen

Abstract

Background

The effects of ankle osteoarthritis on gait are noticeable in the clinic, but are difficult to quantify and score without detailed kinematic and kinetic analysis. Evaluation of temporal gait parameters and gait variability is a potential alternative.

Research Question

This study aimed to determine associations between limb and gender with temporal gait parameters and gait variability in ankle OA patients to evaluate the utility of these parameters for gait assessment in a clinical setting.

Methods

Following informed consent, 242 end-stage unilateral ankle OA patients walked at self-selected speed across force plates. Means and stride-to-stride standard deviations (SD) of stride, swing, stance, and double support times were determined for each patient. Limb x Gender ANCOVA models co-varying for walking speed were run for swing and stance times, while stride and double support times were only compared between genders. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS (α = 0.05).

Results

Walking speed affected all measures of interest. After adjusting for walking speed, mean stride time, stride time SD, and stance time SD were 3.5%, 67% and 29% higher among women than men (p = 0.002, 0.035 and 0.02 respectively). Swing time was 12% higher and stance time was 6% lower on the affected side compared to the unaffected side (p < 0.001 for both).

Significance

Women have longer stride times and higher variability, which may indicate higher fall risk. Both genders minimized loading on the affected limb by increasing swing time and reducing stance time on the affected side. Simple, easy to record temporal gait patterns can provide useful insight into gait abnormalities in patients with ankle OA.

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Effects of Specific Language Impairment on a Contrastive Dialect Structure: The Case of Infinitival TO Across Various Nonmainstream Dialects of English

Purpose

Using data from children who spoke various nonmainstream dialects of English and who were classified as either children with specific language impairment (SLI) or typically developing (TD) children, we examined children's marking of infinitival TO by their dialect and clinical status.

Method

The data came from 180 kindergartners (91 speakers of African American English, 60 speakers of Southern White English, 29 speakers of +Cajun); 53 were children with SLI, and 127 were TD children. Data included 4,537 infinitival TO contexts extracted from language samples; each was coded as zero or overtly marked and by preceding verb context (i.e., verbs of motion vs. other).

Results

Across dialects, overall rates of zero marking differed by the children's clinical status (SLI > TD), and other verb contexts accounted for this result. Across the TD and SLI groups, dialect variation was evident for verbs of motion contexts, and the effect was stronger for the TD than for the SLI groups, particularly if the TD children's dialects were classified as +Cajun.

Conclusion

Children's marking of infinitival TO can be affected by both their dialect and clinical status. Results support language assessments that include context-specific rate-based measures of infinitival TO and other contrastive structures when they prove useful for understanding the linguistic profile of SLI within a dialect.

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Orthographic Fast-Mapping Across Time in 5- and 6-Year-Old Children

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the orthographic fast-mapping abilities of 5- and 6-year-old children across time to determine (a) growth in the ability to quickly acquire mental images of written words, (b) the effect of words' statistical regularities on the learning of written word images across time, (c) whether the statistical regularities of words impact children's eye movements during an orthographic fast-mapping task, and (d) the relation among written word learning and future literacy skills.

Method

Twenty-eight 5- and 6-year-old children viewed and listened to 12 short stories while their eye movements were recorded across 2 time points (approximately 3 months apart). At each time point, objects in the stories represented 12 novel pseudowords differing in their phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities. After viewing each story, the children were asked to spell and identify the target pseudowords; they also completed a battery of literacy measures.

Results

The children were able to quickly acquire mental orthographic representations of the novel written pseudowords as evidenced by their ability to identify and spell the target pseudowords after viewing the stories. This ability was related to future literacy performance and significantly improved over time. Performance on the orthographic fast-mapping tasks and the children's eye movements at Time 2 were influenced by the words' linguistic properties.

Conclusions

This study adds to accumulating evidence that orthographic fast-mapping is largely influenced by the orthotactic probabilities of words. These findings, taken together with those from previous investigations, provide a rich amount of evidence indicating that children are statistical learners when developing their orthographic knowledge.

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Effects of Specific Language Impairment on a Contrastive Dialect Structure: The Case of Infinitival TO Across Various Nonmainstream Dialects of English

Purpose

Using data from children who spoke various nonmainstream dialects of English and who were classified as either children with specific language impairment (SLI) or typically developing (TD) children, we examined children's marking of infinitival TO by their dialect and clinical status.

Method

The data came from 180 kindergartners (91 speakers of African American English, 60 speakers of Southern White English, 29 speakers of +Cajun); 53 were children with SLI, and 127 were TD children. Data included 4,537 infinitival TO contexts extracted from language samples; each was coded as zero or overtly marked and by preceding verb context (i.e., verbs of motion vs. other).

Results

Across dialects, overall rates of zero marking differed by the children's clinical status (SLI > TD), and other verb contexts accounted for this result. Across the TD and SLI groups, dialect variation was evident for verbs of motion contexts, and the effect was stronger for the TD than for the SLI groups, particularly if the TD children's dialects were classified as +Cajun.

Conclusion

Children's marking of infinitival TO can be affected by both their dialect and clinical status. Results support language assessments that include context-specific rate-based measures of infinitival TO and other contrastive structures when they prove useful for understanding the linguistic profile of SLI within a dialect.

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