Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Sophie Tasseel-Ponche, Hélène Le Liepvre, Florence Colle, Cédric Andriantsifanetra, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Isabelle Véronique Bonan, Alain-Pierre Yelnik
BackgroundBalance rehabilitation should consider individual comportments according to visual input (VI). Indeed, visual dependence (VD), defined as the predominance given to the VI whatever the circumstances, frequent after stroke it could disturb balance. Because the term VD is a bit restrictive and cannot be deduced from clinical tests, the term visual sensitivity (VS) is preferred here.HypothesisVI could have different influence depending on the task for a given individual.MethodsWe retrospectively compared 2 VS tests routinely used: the rod and frame test (RFT) and optokinetic stimulation (OKS). In RFT, VS was defined by a misperception of the visual verticality induced by a tilted frame (VS RFT) and in OKS by tilted sitting posture induced by rotational OKS (VS OKS). We studied the relations between VS RFT and VS OKS.ResultsWe analysed data for 84 patients, mean age 55±10years, 45±30days after stroke. Scores for both tests were correlated with autonomy measured by the functional independence measure (r=−0.3, p=0.01 and r=−0.2, p=0.02). VS OKS score was also correlated with balance measured by the postural assessment scale for stroke (r=−0.3, p=0.03). VS RFT score was not correlated with VS OKS score (p=0.4, r=0.04).Discussion - conclusionA patient may display VS for one test without sensitivity for the other because these tests investigate different neural organisation — perception for RFT or action for OKS. Their relation to balance disorders should be further investigated to build individualized rehabilitation programs.
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Σάββατο 5 Αυγούστου 2017
Inter-individual similarities and variations in muscle forces acting on the ankle joint during gait
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Michalina Błażkiewicz, Ida Wiszomirska, Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk, Roozbeh Naemi, Andrzej Wit
Muscle forces acting over the ankle joint play an important role in the forward progression of the body during gait. Yet despite the importance of ankle muscle forces, direct in-vivo measurements are neither possible nor practical. This makes musculoskeletal simulation useful as an indirect technique to quantify the muscle forces at work during locomotion. The purpose of this study was to: 1) identify the maximum peaks of individual ankle muscle forces during gait; 2) investigate the order over which the muscles are sorted based on their maximum peak force. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured during the gait of 10 healthy subjects, and the data so obtained were input into the musculoskeletal model distributed with the OpenSim software. In all 10 individuals we observed that the soleus muscle generated the greatest strength both in dynamic (1856.1N) and isometric (3549N) conditions, followed by the gastrocnemius in dynamic conditions (1232.5N). For all other muscles, however, the sequence looks different across subjects, so the k-means clustering method was used to obtain one main order over which the muscles’ peak-forces are sorted. The results indicate a common theme, with some variations in the maximum peaks of ankle muscle force across subjects.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Michalina Błażkiewicz, Ida Wiszomirska, Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk, Roozbeh Naemi, Andrzej Wit
Muscle forces acting over the ankle joint play an important role in the forward progression of the body during gait. Yet despite the importance of ankle muscle forces, direct in-vivo measurements are neither possible nor practical. This makes musculoskeletal simulation useful as an indirect technique to quantify the muscle forces at work during locomotion. The purpose of this study was to: 1) identify the maximum peaks of individual ankle muscle forces during gait; 2) investigate the order over which the muscles are sorted based on their maximum peak force. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured during the gait of 10 healthy subjects, and the data so obtained were input into the musculoskeletal model distributed with the OpenSim software. In all 10 individuals we observed that the soleus muscle generated the greatest strength both in dynamic (1856.1N) and isometric (3549N) conditions, followed by the gastrocnemius in dynamic conditions (1232.5N). For all other muscles, however, the sequence looks different across subjects, so the k-means clustering method was used to obtain one main order over which the muscles’ peak-forces are sorted. The results indicate a common theme, with some variations in the maximum peaks of ankle muscle force across subjects.
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Hamstring and calf muscle activation as a function of bodyweight support during treadmill running in ACL reconstructed athletes
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Clint Hansen, Einar Einarson, Athol Thomson, Rodney Whiteley, Erik Witvrouw
Rehabilitation after injury and reconstruction to the anterior cruciate ligament is thought to require a gradual reintroduction of loading, particularly during resumption of running. One strategy to achieve this is via the use of a reduced-gravity treadmill but it is unknown, if and how muscle activity varies in the reduced gravity conditions compared to regular treadmill running. Nineteen healthy participants and 18 male patients at the end of their rehabilitation (8 with a bone-patellar-bone graft, 10 with a hamstring graft) participated in this multi-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) running study. The hamstrings and triceps surae were evaluated during a 16km/h running while at 6 different relative bodyweight conditions from 50% (half weight-bearing) to 100% (full weight-bearing). Muscle activation was examined individually as well as normalized to a composite “entire” activation and considered across the entire gait cycle using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The healthy participants showed differences between the 50–100% BW and 60–100% conditions and in the hamstring graft group for 60–100% and 80–100% conditions. No differences were seen comparing all loading conditions in the bone-patellar-bone graft group. For the hamstrings, from 70% BW and above, there appear to be no difference in activation patterns for any of the groups.The activation patterns of the hamstrings was essentially the same from 70% indicated bodyweight through to full weight bearing when running at 16km/h. Accordingly, when running at this relatively high speed, we do not expect any adverse effects in terms of altered motor patterns during rehabilitation of these muscles.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Clint Hansen, Einar Einarson, Athol Thomson, Rodney Whiteley, Erik Witvrouw
Rehabilitation after injury and reconstruction to the anterior cruciate ligament is thought to require a gradual reintroduction of loading, particularly during resumption of running. One strategy to achieve this is via the use of a reduced-gravity treadmill but it is unknown, if and how muscle activity varies in the reduced gravity conditions compared to regular treadmill running. Nineteen healthy participants and 18 male patients at the end of their rehabilitation (8 with a bone-patellar-bone graft, 10 with a hamstring graft) participated in this multi-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) running study. The hamstrings and triceps surae were evaluated during a 16km/h running while at 6 different relative bodyweight conditions from 50% (half weight-bearing) to 100% (full weight-bearing). Muscle activation was examined individually as well as normalized to a composite “entire” activation and considered across the entire gait cycle using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The healthy participants showed differences between the 50–100% BW and 60–100% conditions and in the hamstring graft group for 60–100% and 80–100% conditions. No differences were seen comparing all loading conditions in the bone-patellar-bone graft group. For the hamstrings, from 70% BW and above, there appear to be no difference in activation patterns for any of the groups.The activation patterns of the hamstrings was essentially the same from 70% indicated bodyweight through to full weight bearing when running at 16km/h. Accordingly, when running at this relatively high speed, we do not expect any adverse effects in terms of altered motor patterns during rehabilitation of these muscles.
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Foot structure is significantly associated to subtalar joint kinetics and mechanical energetics
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Jayishni N. Maharaj, Andrew G. Cresswell, Glen A. Lichtwark
Introduction/aimFoot structure has been implicated as a risk factor of numerous overuse injuries, however, the mechanism linking foot structure and the development of soft-tissue overuse injuries are not well understood. The aim of this study was to identify factors that could predict foot function during walking.MethodsA total of eleven variables (including measures of foot structure, anthropometry and spatiotemporal gait characteristics) were investigated for their predictive ability on identifying kinematic, kinetic and energetic components of the foot. Three-dimensional motion capture and force data were collected at preferred walking speed on an instrumented treadmill. Mechanical measures were subsequently assessed using a custom multi-segment foot model in Opensim. Factors with significant univariate associations were entered into multiple linear regression models to identify a group of factors independently associated with the mechanical measures.ResultsAlthough no model could be created for any of the kinematic measures analysed, approximately 46% and 37% of the variance in the kinetic and energetic measures were associated with three or two factors respectively. Arch-height ratio, foot length and step width were associated with peak subtalar joint (STJ) moment, while greater STJ negative work was correlated to a low arch-height ratio and greater foot mobility.ConclusionThe models presented in this study suggest that the soft-tissue structures of a flat-arched, mobile foot are at a greater risk of injury as they have greater requirements to absorb energy and generate larger forces. However, as these associations are only moderate, other measures may also have an influence.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Jayishni N. Maharaj, Andrew G. Cresswell, Glen A. Lichtwark
Introduction/aimFoot structure has been implicated as a risk factor of numerous overuse injuries, however, the mechanism linking foot structure and the development of soft-tissue overuse injuries are not well understood. The aim of this study was to identify factors that could predict foot function during walking.MethodsA total of eleven variables (including measures of foot structure, anthropometry and spatiotemporal gait characteristics) were investigated for their predictive ability on identifying kinematic, kinetic and energetic components of the foot. Three-dimensional motion capture and force data were collected at preferred walking speed on an instrumented treadmill. Mechanical measures were subsequently assessed using a custom multi-segment foot model in Opensim. Factors with significant univariate associations were entered into multiple linear regression models to identify a group of factors independently associated with the mechanical measures.ResultsAlthough no model could be created for any of the kinematic measures analysed, approximately 46% and 37% of the variance in the kinetic and energetic measures were associated with three or two factors respectively. Arch-height ratio, foot length and step width were associated with peak subtalar joint (STJ) moment, while greater STJ negative work was correlated to a low arch-height ratio and greater foot mobility.ConclusionThe models presented in this study suggest that the soft-tissue structures of a flat-arched, mobile foot are at a greater risk of injury as they have greater requirements to absorb energy and generate larger forces. However, as these associations are only moderate, other measures may also have an influence.
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Rod and frame test and posture under optokinetic stimulation used to explore two complementary aspects of the visual influence in postural control after stroke
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Sophie Tasseel-Ponche, Hélène Le Liepvre, Florence Colle, Cédric Andriantsifanetra, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Isabelle Véronique Bonan, Alain-Pierre Yelnik
BackgroundBalance rehabilitation should consider individual comportments according to visual input (VI). Indeed, visual dependence (VD), defined as the predominance given to the VI whatever the circumstances, frequent after stroke it could disturb balance. Because the term VD is a bit restrictive and cannot be deduced from clinical tests, the term visual sensitivity (VS) is preferred here.HypothesisVI could have different influence depending on the task for a given individual.MethodsWe retrospectively compared 2 VS tests routinely used: the rod and frame test (RFT) and optokinetic stimulation (OKS). In RFT, VS was defined by a misperception of the visual verticality induced by a tilted frame (VS RFT) and in OKS by tilted sitting posture induced by rotational OKS (VS OKS). We studied the relations between VS RFT and VS OKS.ResultsWe analysed data for 84 patients, mean age 55±10years, 45±30days after stroke. Scores for both tests were correlated with autonomy measured by the functional independence measure (r=−0.3, p=0.01 and r=−0.2, p=0.02). VS OKS score was also correlated with balance measured by the postural assessment scale for stroke (r=−0.3, p=0.03). VS RFT score was not correlated with VS OKS score (p=0.4, r=0.04).Discussion - conclusionA patient may display VS for one test without sensitivity for the other because these tests investigate different neural organisation — perception for RFT or action for OKS. Their relation to balance disorders should be further investigated to build individualized rehabilitation programs.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Sophie Tasseel-Ponche, Hélène Le Liepvre, Florence Colle, Cédric Andriantsifanetra, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Isabelle Véronique Bonan, Alain-Pierre Yelnik
BackgroundBalance rehabilitation should consider individual comportments according to visual input (VI). Indeed, visual dependence (VD), defined as the predominance given to the VI whatever the circumstances, frequent after stroke it could disturb balance. Because the term VD is a bit restrictive and cannot be deduced from clinical tests, the term visual sensitivity (VS) is preferred here.HypothesisVI could have different influence depending on the task for a given individual.MethodsWe retrospectively compared 2 VS tests routinely used: the rod and frame test (RFT) and optokinetic stimulation (OKS). In RFT, VS was defined by a misperception of the visual verticality induced by a tilted frame (VS RFT) and in OKS by tilted sitting posture induced by rotational OKS (VS OKS). We studied the relations between VS RFT and VS OKS.ResultsWe analysed data for 84 patients, mean age 55±10years, 45±30days after stroke. Scores for both tests were correlated with autonomy measured by the functional independence measure (r=−0.3, p=0.01 and r=−0.2, p=0.02). VS OKS score was also correlated with balance measured by the postural assessment scale for stroke (r=−0.3, p=0.03). VS RFT score was not correlated with VS OKS score (p=0.4, r=0.04).Discussion - conclusionA patient may display VS for one test without sensitivity for the other because these tests investigate different neural organisation — perception for RFT or action for OKS. Their relation to balance disorders should be further investigated to build individualized rehabilitation programs.
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Inter-individual similarities and variations in muscle forces acting on the ankle joint during gait
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Michalina Błażkiewicz, Ida Wiszomirska, Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk, Roozbeh Naemi, Andrzej Wit
Muscle forces acting over the ankle joint play an important role in the forward progression of the body during gait. Yet despite the importance of ankle muscle forces, direct in-vivo measurements are neither possible nor practical. This makes musculoskeletal simulation useful as an indirect technique to quantify the muscle forces at work during locomotion. The purpose of this study was to: 1) identify the maximum peaks of individual ankle muscle forces during gait; 2) investigate the order over which the muscles are sorted based on their maximum peak force. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured during the gait of 10 healthy subjects, and the data so obtained were input into the musculoskeletal model distributed with the OpenSim software. In all 10 individuals we observed that the soleus muscle generated the greatest strength both in dynamic (1856.1N) and isometric (3549N) conditions, followed by the gastrocnemius in dynamic conditions (1232.5N). For all other muscles, however, the sequence looks different across subjects, so the k-means clustering method was used to obtain one main order over which the muscles’ peak-forces are sorted. The results indicate a common theme, with some variations in the maximum peaks of ankle muscle force across subjects.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Michalina Błażkiewicz, Ida Wiszomirska, Katarzyna Kaczmarczyk, Roozbeh Naemi, Andrzej Wit
Muscle forces acting over the ankle joint play an important role in the forward progression of the body during gait. Yet despite the importance of ankle muscle forces, direct in-vivo measurements are neither possible nor practical. This makes musculoskeletal simulation useful as an indirect technique to quantify the muscle forces at work during locomotion. The purpose of this study was to: 1) identify the maximum peaks of individual ankle muscle forces during gait; 2) investigate the order over which the muscles are sorted based on their maximum peak force. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured during the gait of 10 healthy subjects, and the data so obtained were input into the musculoskeletal model distributed with the OpenSim software. In all 10 individuals we observed that the soleus muscle generated the greatest strength both in dynamic (1856.1N) and isometric (3549N) conditions, followed by the gastrocnemius in dynamic conditions (1232.5N). For all other muscles, however, the sequence looks different across subjects, so the k-means clustering method was used to obtain one main order over which the muscles’ peak-forces are sorted. The results indicate a common theme, with some variations in the maximum peaks of ankle muscle force across subjects.
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Hamstring and calf muscle activation as a function of bodyweight support during treadmill running in ACL reconstructed athletes
Publication date: October 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Clint Hansen, Einar Einarson, Athol Thomson, Rodney Whiteley, Erik Witvrouw
Rehabilitation after injury and reconstruction to the anterior cruciate ligament is thought to require a gradual reintroduction of loading, particularly during resumption of running. One strategy to achieve this is via the use of a reduced-gravity treadmill but it is unknown, if and how muscle activity varies in the reduced gravity conditions compared to regular treadmill running. Nineteen healthy participants and 18 male patients at the end of their rehabilitation (8 with a bone-patellar-bone graft, 10 with a hamstring graft) participated in this multi-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) running study. The hamstrings and triceps surae were evaluated during a 16km/h running while at 6 different relative bodyweight conditions from 50% (half weight-bearing) to 100% (full weight-bearing). Muscle activation was examined individually as well as normalized to a composite “entire” activation and considered across the entire gait cycle using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The healthy participants showed differences between the 50–100% BW and 60–100% conditions and in the hamstring graft group for 60–100% and 80–100% conditions. No differences were seen comparing all loading conditions in the bone-patellar-bone graft group. For the hamstrings, from 70% BW and above, there appear to be no difference in activation patterns for any of the groups.The activation patterns of the hamstrings was essentially the same from 70% indicated bodyweight through to full weight bearing when running at 16km/h. Accordingly, when running at this relatively high speed, we do not expect any adverse effects in terms of altered motor patterns during rehabilitation of these muscles.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 58
Author(s): Clint Hansen, Einar Einarson, Athol Thomson, Rodney Whiteley, Erik Witvrouw
Rehabilitation after injury and reconstruction to the anterior cruciate ligament is thought to require a gradual reintroduction of loading, particularly during resumption of running. One strategy to achieve this is via the use of a reduced-gravity treadmill but it is unknown, if and how muscle activity varies in the reduced gravity conditions compared to regular treadmill running. Nineteen healthy participants and 18 male patients at the end of their rehabilitation (8 with a bone-patellar-bone graft, 10 with a hamstring graft) participated in this multi-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) running study. The hamstrings and triceps surae were evaluated during a 16km/h running while at 6 different relative bodyweight conditions from 50% (half weight-bearing) to 100% (full weight-bearing). Muscle activation was examined individually as well as normalized to a composite “entire” activation and considered across the entire gait cycle using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The healthy participants showed differences between the 50–100% BW and 60–100% conditions and in the hamstring graft group for 60–100% and 80–100% conditions. No differences were seen comparing all loading conditions in the bone-patellar-bone graft group. For the hamstrings, from 70% BW and above, there appear to be no difference in activation patterns for any of the groups.The activation patterns of the hamstrings was essentially the same from 70% indicated bodyweight through to full weight bearing when running at 16km/h. Accordingly, when running at this relatively high speed, we do not expect any adverse effects in terms of altered motor patterns during rehabilitation of these muscles.
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