Ordinary Interactions Challenge Proposals That Maternal Verbal Responses Shape Infant Vocal Development

Purpose

This study tested proposals that maternal verbal responses shape infant vocal development, proposals based in part on evidence that infants modified their vocalizations to match mothers' experimentally manipulated vowel or consonant–vowel responses to most (i.e., 70%–80%) infant vocalizations. We tested the proposal in ordinary rather than experimentally manipulated interactions.

Method

Response-based proposals were tested in a cross-sectional study of 35 infants, ages 4 to 14 months, engaged in everyday interactions in their homes with their mothers using a standard set of toys and picture books.

Results

Mothers responded to 30% of infant vocalizations with vocal behaviors of their own, far fewer than experimentally manipulated response rates. Moreover, mothers produced comparatively few vowel and consonant–vowel models and responded to infants' vowel and consonant–vowel vocalizations in similar numbers. Infants showed little evidence of systematically modifying their vocal forms to match maternal responses in these interactions. Instead, consonant–vowel vocalizations increased significantly with infant age.

Conclusions

Results obtained in ordinary interactions, rather than response manipulation, did not provide substantial support for response-based mechanisms of infant vocal development. Consistent with other research, however, consonant–vowel productions increased with infant age.

from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://article/doi/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0005/2655031/Ordinary-Interactions-Challenge-Proposals-That
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Architecture of the Suprahyoid Muscles: A Volumetric Musculoaponeurotic Analysis

Purpose

Suprahyoid muscles play a critical role in swallowing. The arrangement of the fiber bundles and aponeuroses has not been investigated volumetrically, even though muscle architecture is an important determinant of function. Thus, the purpose was to digitize, model in three dimensions, and quantify the architectural parameters of the suprahyoid muscles to determine and compare their relative functional capabilities.

Method

Fiber bundles and aponeuroses from 11 formalin-embalmed specimens were serially dissected and digitized in situ. Data were reconstructed in three dimensions using Autodesk Maya. Architectural parameters were quantified, and data were compared using independent samples t-tests and analyses of variance.

Results

Based on architecture and attachment sites, suprahyoid muscles were divided into 3 groups: anteromedial, superolateral, and superoposterior. Architectural parameters differed significantly (p < .05) across muscles and across the 3 groups, suggesting differential roles in hyoid movement during swallowing. When activated simultaneously, anteromedial and superoposterior muscle groups could work together to elevate the hyoid.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the suprahyoid muscles can have individualized roles in hyoid excursion during swallowing. Muscle balance may be important for identifying and treating hyolaryngeal dysfunction in patients with dysphagia.

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Fernando Aguilar – please contact us!

Hello,

Please excuse us for the following announcement. If you’re Fernando Aguilar – please contact us at info@audionotch.com!

You entered your e-mail into our contact form incorrectly and we can’t reach you.

Thanks!

AudioNotch Team

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Modelling firing regularity in the ventral cochlear nucleus: mechanisms, and effects of stimulus level and synaptopathy Changes in firing regularity in the normal and impaired auditory system

Publication date: Available online 20 September 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Dan F.M. Goodman, Ian M. Winter, Agnès C. Léger Alain de Cheveigné, Christian Lorenzi
The auditory system processes temporal information at multiple scales, and disruptions to this temporal processing may lead to deficits in auditory tasks such as detecting and discriminating sounds in a noisy environment. Here, a modelling approach is used to study the temporal regularity of firing by chopper cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus, in both the normal and impaired auditory system. Chopper cells, which have a strikingly regular firing response, divide into two classes, sustained and transient, based on the time course of this regularity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the behaviour of chopper cells, and the difference between sustained and transient cells in particular. However, there is no conclusive evidence so far. Here, a reduced mathematical model is developed and used to compare and test a wide range of hypotheses with a limited number of parameters. In line with recent work suggesting that there is no clear classification into discrete classes, Simulation results show a continuum of cell types and behaviours: chopper-like behaviour arises for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may underlie this behaviour. The model accounts for systematic trends in regularity as a function of stimulus level that have previously only been reported anecdotally. Finally, the model is used to predict the effects of a reduction in the number of auditory nerve fibres (deafferentation due to, for example, cochlear synaptopathy). An interactive version of this paper in which all the model parameters can be changed is available online.

Graphical abstract

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Modelling firing regularity in the ventral cochlear nucleus: mechanisms, and effects of stimulus level and synaptopathy Changes in firing regularity in the normal and impaired auditory system

Publication date: Available online 20 September 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Dan F.M. Goodman, Ian M. Winter, Agnès C. Léger Alain de Cheveigné, Christian Lorenzi
The auditory system processes temporal information at multiple scales, and disruptions to this temporal processing may lead to deficits in auditory tasks such as detecting and discriminating sounds in a noisy environment. Here, a modelling approach is used to study the temporal regularity of firing by chopper cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus, in both the normal and impaired auditory system. Chopper cells, which have a strikingly regular firing response, divide into two classes, sustained and transient, based on the time course of this regularity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the behaviour of chopper cells, and the difference between sustained and transient cells in particular. However, there is no conclusive evidence so far. Here, a reduced mathematical model is developed and used to compare and test a wide range of hypotheses with a limited number of parameters. In line with recent work suggesting that there is no clear classification into discrete classes, Simulation results show a continuum of cell types and behaviours: chopper-like behaviour arises for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may underlie this behaviour. The model accounts for systematic trends in regularity as a function of stimulus level that have previously only been reported anecdotally. Finally, the model is used to predict the effects of a reduction in the number of auditory nerve fibres (deafferentation due to, for example, cochlear synaptopathy). An interactive version of this paper in which all the model parameters can be changed is available online.

Graphical abstract

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Modelling firing regularity in the ventral cochlear nucleus: mechanisms, and effects of stimulus level and synaptopathy Changes in firing regularity in the normal and impaired auditory system

Publication date: Available online 20 September 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Dan F.M. Goodman, Ian M. Winter, Agnès C. Léger Alain de Cheveigné, Christian Lorenzi
The auditory system processes temporal information at multiple scales, and disruptions to this temporal processing may lead to deficits in auditory tasks such as detecting and discriminating sounds in a noisy environment. Here, a modelling approach is used to study the temporal regularity of firing by chopper cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus, in both the normal and impaired auditory system. Chopper cells, which have a strikingly regular firing response, divide into two classes, sustained and transient, based on the time course of this regularity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the behaviour of chopper cells, and the difference between sustained and transient cells in particular. However, there is no conclusive evidence so far. Here, a reduced mathematical model is developed and used to compare and test a wide range of hypotheses with a limited number of parameters. In line with recent work suggesting that there is no clear classification into discrete classes, Simulation results show a continuum of cell types and behaviours: chopper-like behaviour arises for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may underlie this behaviour. The model accounts for systematic trends in regularity as a function of stimulus level that have previously only been reported anecdotally. Finally, the model is used to predict the effects of a reduction in the number of auditory nerve fibres (deafferentation due to, for example, cochlear synaptopathy). An interactive version of this paper in which all the model parameters can be changed is available online.

Graphical abstract

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Homeopathy For Tinnitus

Tinnitus is the extremely annoying experience of spontaneous noise that is heard in one or in both ears. The sound might be a ringing, buzzing, roaring, or hissing. The severity and loudness varies, is quite distracting, and can have an impact on one’s life.

Those people with Tinnitus can try to usually ignore the sound if it is not severe or can possibly learn through cognitive therapy how to be distracted and try to become accustomed to living with it. For example, Tinnitus Masking (TM) uses earphones similar to hearing aids that produce a noise that attempts to cancel out the Tinnitus, but the effectiveness has been modest.

In the study, “Is There a Treatment for Tinnitus?” by Steven Novella, MD, an academic clinical neurologist at the Yale University School of Medicine, he reports that there is no effective treatment and that such a condition or symptom unfortunately provides a market ripe for exploitation.

Novella believes that Tinnitus is a convenient target for proponents of the unconventional therapy of Homeopathy for Tinnitus and that recommended treatments really are not helpful. Studies have not been properly conducted, and placebos given to one group, as opposed to those participants given Homeopathy for Tinnitus, have produced the same results of ineffectiveness.

Most homeopathic preparations are diluted to where there are no active ingredients remaining, and they are not effective. Some products that are only slightly diluted and contain active ingredients could possibly have direct toxicity.

Symptoms that vary naturally over a period of time also present good targets. Patients who seek treatment when the symptoms are maximal, and then finally have a following spontaneous regression, might have an illusion of efficacy and be open to any suggested intervention.

Novella concludes that, since there is no treatment that has been proven to be effective for Tinnitus, those who are afflicted are likely desperate for a helpful treatment and are likely to listen to “snake-oil salesmen” about their products. One common recommendation is the herb Ginkgo biloba because it might increase the blood circulation in the neck and head. However, a study showed that it was no more effective when given to the group’s participants than the placebo given to the other group.

Novella is hopeful that perhaps one theory may eventually prove helpful and that drugs that increase the brain’s GABA activity could be a possible treatment. GABA is the brain’s most common inhibitory neurotransmitter. Decreased activity of GABA in the auditory system is reported to be one of Tinnitus’ components.

Do some serious thinking if you are considering using Homeopathy For Tinnitus.

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