Characteristics of Auditory Processing Disorders: A Systematic Review

Purpose

The purpose of this review article is to describe characteristics of auditory processing disorders (APD) by evaluating the literature in which children with suspected or diagnosed APD were compared with typically developing children and to determine whether APD must be regarded as a deficit specific to the auditory modality or as a multimodal deficit.

Method

Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies investigating children with (suspected) APD in comparison with typically developing peers. Relevant studies were independently reviewed and appraised by 2 reviewers. Methodological quality was quantified using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels of evidence.

Results

Fifty-three relevant studies were identified. Five studies were excluded because of weak internal validity. In total, 48 studies were included, of which only 1 was classified as having strong methodological quality. Significant dissimilarities were found between children referred with listening difficulties and controls. These differences relate to auditory and visual functioning, cognition, language, reading, and physiological and neuroimaging measures.

Conclusions

Methodological quality of most of the incorporated studies was rated moderate due to the heterogeneous groups of participants, inadequate descriptions of participants, and the omission of valid and reliable measurements. The listening difficulties of children with APD may be a consequence of cognitive, language, and attention issues rather than bottom-up auditory processing.

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Characteristics of Auditory Processing Disorders: A Systematic Review

Purpose

The purpose of this review article is to describe characteristics of auditory processing disorders (APD) by evaluating the literature in which children with suspected or diagnosed APD were compared with typically developing children and to determine whether APD must be regarded as a deficit specific to the auditory modality or as a multimodal deficit.

Method

Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies investigating children with (suspected) APD in comparison with typically developing peers. Relevant studies were independently reviewed and appraised by 2 reviewers. Methodological quality was quantified using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels of evidence.

Results

Fifty-three relevant studies were identified. Five studies were excluded because of weak internal validity. In total, 48 studies were included, of which only 1 was classified as having strong methodological quality. Significant dissimilarities were found between children referred with listening difficulties and controls. These differences relate to auditory and visual functioning, cognition, language, reading, and physiological and neuroimaging measures.

Conclusions

Methodological quality of most of the incorporated studies was rated moderate due to the heterogeneous groups of participants, inadequate descriptions of participants, and the omission of valid and reliable measurements. The listening difficulties of children with APD may be a consequence of cognitive, language, and attention issues rather than bottom-up auditory processing.

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Characteristics of Auditory Processing Disorders: A Systematic Review

Purpose

The purpose of this review article is to describe characteristics of auditory processing disorders (APD) by evaluating the literature in which children with suspected or diagnosed APD were compared with typically developing children and to determine whether APD must be regarded as a deficit specific to the auditory modality or as a multimodal deficit.

Method

Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies investigating children with (suspected) APD in comparison with typically developing peers. Relevant studies were independently reviewed and appraised by 2 reviewers. Methodological quality was quantified using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's levels of evidence.

Results

Fifty-three relevant studies were identified. Five studies were excluded because of weak internal validity. In total, 48 studies were included, of which only 1 was classified as having strong methodological quality. Significant dissimilarities were found between children referred with listening difficulties and controls. These differences relate to auditory and visual functioning, cognition, language, reading, and physiological and neuroimaging measures.

Conclusions

Methodological quality of most of the incorporated studies was rated moderate due to the heterogeneous groups of participants, inadequate descriptions of participants, and the omission of valid and reliable measurements. The listening difficulties of children with APD may be a consequence of cognitive, language, and attention issues rather than bottom-up auditory processing.

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Acoustic vector sensor beamforming reduces masking from underwater industrial noise during passive monitoring

Masking from industrial noise can hamper the ability to detect marine mammal sounds near industrial operations, whenever conventional (pressuresensor)hydrophones are used for passive acoustic monitoring. Using data collected from an autonomous recorder with directional capabilities (Directional Autonomous Seafloor Acoustic Recorder), deployed 4.1 km from an arctic drilling site in 2012, the authors demonstrate how conventional beamforming on an acoustic vector sensor can be used to suppress noise arriving from a narrow sector of geographic azimuths. Improvements in signal-to-noise ratio of up to 15 dB are demonstrated on bowhead whale calls, which were otherwise undetectable using conventional hydrophones.

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Identification and quantification of soundscape components in the Marginal Ice Zone

Acoustic experiments using an integrated ice station were carried out during August 2012 and September 2013 in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of Fram Strait. The two experiments lasted four days each and collected under-ice acoustic recordings together with wave-in-ice and meteorological data. Synthetic aperture radar satellite data provided information on regional ice conditions. Four major components of the under-ice soundscape were identified: shipcavitationnoise,seismic airgun noise, marine mammal vocalizations, and natural background noise.Shipcavitationnoise was connected to heavy icebreaking. It dominated the soundscape at times, with noise levels (NLs) 100 km from the icebreaker increased by 10–28 dB. Seismic airgun noise that originated from seismic surveys more than 800 km away was present during 117 out of 188 observation hours. It increased NLs at 20–120 Hz by 2–6 dB. Marine mammal vocalizations were a minor influence on measured NLs, but their prevalence shows the biological importance of the MIZ. The 10th percentile of the noise distributions was used to identify the ambient background noise. Background NLs above 100 Hz differed by 12 dB between the two experiments, presumably due to variations in natural noise sources.

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Acoustic vector sensor beamforming reduces masking from underwater industrial noise during passive monitoring

Masking from industrial noise can hamper the ability to detect marine mammal sounds near industrial operations, whenever conventional (pressuresensor)hydrophones are used for passive acoustic monitoring. Using data collected from an autonomous recorder with directional capabilities (Directional Autonomous Seafloor Acoustic Recorder), deployed 4.1 km from an arctic drilling site in 2012, the authors demonstrate how conventional beamforming on an acoustic vector sensor can be used to suppress noise arriving from a narrow sector of geographic azimuths. Improvements in signal-to-noise ratio of up to 15 dB are demonstrated on bowhead whale calls, which were otherwise undetectable using conventional hydrophones.

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Electrophysiologic vestibular evaluation in type 2 diabetic and prediabetic patients: Air conduction ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.

Related Articles

Electrophysiologic vestibular evaluation in type 2 diabetic and prediabetic patients: Air conduction ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.

Int J Audiol. 2015 Aug;54(8):536-43

Authors: Konukseven O, Polat SB, Karahan S, Konukseven E, Ersoy R, Cakir B, Kutluhan A, Aksoy S

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Chronically increased blood glucose levels may affect the vestibular system by damaging cells and neural structures in diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to search the effects of neurovascular degeneration on the vestibular system in type 2 DM and prediabetic patients by using air-conducted ocular (oVEMP) and cervical (cVEMP) vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.
DESIGN: Prospective study.
STUDY SAMPLE: Thirty diabetic, 30 prediabetic patients, and 31 age- and sex-matched controls having no peripheral or central vestibular disease, were enrolled. All participants were evaluated by audiovestibular tests, oVEMP, and cVEMP.
RESULTS: In the diabetic group, mean values of both oVEMP and cVEMP p1, n1 latencies were significantly longer compared to the prediabetic group and the control group, whereas latencies were similar in prediabetic and the control groups. Bilateral neural dysfunction was recognized in both tests and lateralization was not seen in VEMP asymmetric ratios. In the diabetic group, prevalence of pathological p1 and n1 latencies in oVEMP were 30.4% and 37.5%, whereas they were 53.7%, 59.3% in cVEMP, respectively. p1 latencies of cVEMP and oVEMP were positively correlated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose level in the diabetic group.
CONCLUSION: Subclinical vestibular neuropathy can be a newly defined diabetes-related complication.

PMID: 25529975 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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