http://orl-medicine.blogspot.com/2016/11/mycobiota-of-ground-red-pepper-and.html
Alexandros Sfakianakis
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
6948891480
Τετάρτη 30 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Paediatric spinal cord infarction : A previously healthy 14-year-old female who began having difficulty breathing at school immediately after experiencing a burning sensation down her neck and back.
http://orl-medicine.blogspot.gr/2016/11/paediatric-spinal-cord-infarction.html
Alexandros Sfakianakis
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
6948891480
Adaptation and Validation of the Kannada Version of the Singing Voice Handicap Index
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Dhanshree R. Gunjawate, Venkataraja U. Aithal, Vasudeva Guddattu, Rajashekhar Bellur
ObjectiveThe present study aimed to adapt and validate the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) into Kannada language using standard procedures.Study DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.MethodsThe original English version of SVHI was translated into Kannada. It was administered on 106 Indian classical singers, of whom 22 complained of voice problems. Its internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α), test-retest reliability using Pearson's product moment correlation and paired t test, and the difference in mean scores by independent sample t test.ResultsThe results revealed that the Kannada SVHI exhibited an excellent internal consistency (α = 0.96) with a high item-to-total correlation. Further, excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.99) and significant differences in SVHI scores were also obtained by singers with and without a voice problem (t = 12.93, df = 104, P = 0.005).ConclusionThe Kannada SVHI is a valid and reliable tool for self-reported assessment of singers with voice problems. It will provide a valuable insight into the singing-related voice problems as perceived by the singers themselves.
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Evaluation of Phonatory Behavior and Voice Quality in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation
Source:Journal of Voice
Author(s): Manfred Pützer, Wolfgang Wokurek, Jean Richard Moringlane
ObjectivesThe effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on phonatory behavior and voice quality in eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was examined instrumentally and perceptually. The acoustic signals of vowel productions obtained from patients (produced with and without stimulation) and from a group of 16 healthy control speakers were analyzed to prove statistically the changes of phonatory behavior and voice quality.Study DesignThis is a randomized study.MethodsFirstly, a new parametrization was used to determine phonatory behavior. Secondly, a perceptual evaluation of voice quality of the same speech material was performed.ResultsWith stimulation, phonation has a greater tendency to be strained. The results of perceptual evaluation support this strained phonation behavior under stimulation, resulting in a smaller degree of breathiness ratings of all raters. Without stimulation, an impaired and partly disturbed adduction of the vocal folds can be shown. These findings are also supported in the perceptual experiment providing a higher degree of hoarseness ratings of all raters for these signals.ConclusionsHigh-frequency electrical impulses to the thalamus in patients with MS influence the phonatory behavior of their vocal folds. The results suggest the need for long-term monitoring of phonatory behavior during DBS to initiate adequate treatments without delay.
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Long-term Symptom-specific Outcomes for Patients With Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granulomas: Surgery Versus Observation.
Objective: Review long-term symptom-specific outcomes for petrous apex cholesterol granulomas (PACG). Study Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Tertiary center. Patients: Adults with PACG were assessed from 1998 to 2015. Intervention(s): Symptomatic patients were stratified into surgical and observation subgroups. Main Outcome Measure(s): Resolution rates of individual symptoms and chief complaints were assessed as was the impact of surgical approach and stent usage on symptom-specific outcomes. Symptom recurrence rates were tabulated. Results: Twenty-seven patients were included whose mean age was 44.8 +/- 3.3 years. Fourteen and 13 patients stratified into the surgical and observation subgroups respectively. The surgical subgroup trended toward a longer follow-up period (mean 68.5 vs. 33.8 mo; p = 0.06). Overall, the most frequent symptoms encountered were headache (52%), aural fullness, tinnitus, and vestibular complaints (41% each). Visual complaints, retro-orbital pain, and cranial neuropathies were less common (18%, 15%, 11%). The overall symptom resolution rate was significantly higher in the surgical subgroup (48% vs. 26%, p = 0.03). In both subgroups, headache, retro-orbital pain, and visual complaints had the highest resolution rates. Vestibular complaints and tinnitus were very unlikely to resolve. Significantly more patients in the surgical group resolved their chief complaints (70% vs. 25%, p = 0.02). While approach type and stent usage did not significantly influence symptom outcomes, all patients with symptom recurrence (11%) were initially managed without stents. Conclusion: Symptom-specific outcomes were better in patients managed surgically for PACG. Individual symptom resolution rates were highly variable. Some symptoms were refractory regardless of management strategy. Surgical approach and stent usage did not significantly influence symptom outcomes. Copyright (C) 2016 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Initial Results of a Safety and Feasibility Study of Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Congenitally Deaf Children.
Objective: To determine the safety and feasibility of the auditory brainstem implant (ABI) in congenitally deaf children with cochlear aplasia and/or cochlear nerve deficiency. Study Design: Phase I feasibility clinical trial of surgery in 10 children, ages 2 to 5 years, over a 3-year period. Setting: Tertiary children's hospital and university-based pediatric speech/language/hearing center. Intervention(s): ABI implantation and postsurgical programming. Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome measure is the number and type of adverse events during ABI surgery and postsurgical follow-up, including behavioral mapping of the device. The secondary outcome measure is access to and early integration of sound. Results: To date, nine children are enrolled. Five children have successfully undergone ABI surgery and postoperative behavioral programming. Three children were screen failures, and one child is currently undergoing candidacy evaluation. Expected adverse events have been documented in three of the five children who received the ABI. One child experienced a cerebral spinal fluid leak, which resolved with lumbar drainage. One child demonstrated vestibular side effects during device programming, which resolved by deactivating one electrode. One child experienced postoperative vomiting resulting in an abdominal radiograph. Four children have completed their 1-year follow-up and have speech detection thresholds of 30 to 35 dB HL. Scores on the IT-MAIS/MAIS range from 8 to 31 (out of a total of 40), and the children are demonstrating some ability to discriminate between closed-sets words that differ by number of syllables (pattern perception). Conclusion: ABI surgery and device activation seem to be safe and feasible in this preliminary cohort. Copyright (C) 2016 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Facial Nerve Meningioma: A Cause of Pediatric Facial Weakness.
Objective: To present an unusual case of a temporal bone meningioma with intrafascicular spread throughout the temporal facial nerve from cerebellopontine angle (CPA) to stylomastoid foramen. Patient: Four-year-old female with progressive facial weakness and normal hearing. Main Outcome Measure: Clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of temporal bone meningiomas. Results: A patient presented with progressive facial weakness and normal hearing. Imaging demonstrated a mass within the left internal auditory canal radiologically consistent with a schwannoma. Asymmetric enlargement with enhancement of the left facial nerve from CPA to the stylomastoid foramen suggested facial schwannoma. At surgery, gross tumor was noted in the internal auditory canal, the fallopian canal seemed expanded and the facial nerve was enlarged and had an irregular contour. Resection of the facial nerve from the CPA to just proximal to its exit at the stylomastoid foramen was necessary to achieve negative margins. Cable grafting was performed. The histopathologic diagnosis was transitional meningioma with intraneural growth throughout the length of the resected facial nerve segment. Conclusion: Meningiomas involving the temporal bone are exceedingly rare. We report a rare case of a child presenting with progressive facial weakness due to a presumed facial schwannoma spreading along the facial nerve throughout its intratemporal course that at surgery was found to be an intrafascicular CN VII meningioma. Copyright (C) 2016 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Effects of Intratympanic Dexamethasone on High-Dose Radiation Ototoxicity In Vivo.
Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery for lateral skull base tumors can cause hearing loss when the cochleae are exposed to high doses of single-fraction radiation. Currently, there are no known nondosimetric preventative treatments for radiation-induced ototoxicity. Hypothesis: Intratympanic (IT) dexamethasone (DXM), a synthetic steroid, protects against radiation-induced auditory hair cell (HC) and hearing losses in rats in vivo. Methods: Seven rats received radiation (12 Gy) to both cochleae. In irradiated rats and six nonirradiated rats, IT DXM was randomized to one ear, while tympanic puncture without DXM was performed on the contralateral ear. Baseline and 4-week postradiation auditory-evoked potential tests were performed. The cochleae were processed for HC viability. Results: Cochleae exposed to radiation demonstrated more outer HC (OHC) loss in all turns than nonirradiated ears (p
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Effect of Spatial Orientation of the Horizontal Semicircular Canal on the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex.
Objective: To determine if an alignment of the horizontal semi-circular canal (hSCC) with the plane of rotation would enhance the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) gain result as it has been previously suggested. Study Design: Comparative study of a physiological vestibular function test in healthy subjects. Setting: Tertiary referral center for otology and neurotology. Patients: Twenty two healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. Their mean age was 25.6 years and the sex distribution was 14:8 (M:F). None of the subjects had a history of audiovestibular disorders. Intervention: The video Head Impulse Test (v-HIT) was performed with the hSCC in the conventional position (head upright, horizontal gaze) and also with the hSCC in-line with the earth horizontal. Main Outcome Measures: 1. the VOR gain at 60 ms, 2. the regression slope VOR gain, depending on the alignment of the hSCC with the plane of head rotation. Results: There was no significant difference between the results, either for the VOR gain at 60 ms, or the regression slope gain, when the two alternative head positions were compared. Conclusions: The data acquired in this study show that the VOR as measured by the v-HIT is not enhanced by aligning the plane of the hSCC with the plane of rotation during the testing procedure. Hence, we recommend that the positioning of the patient, with the head upright and a horizontal gaze direction should be routinely used in the clinical evaluation of the angular VOR by v-HIT. Copyright (C) 2016 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
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Τρίτη 29 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Overground vs. treadmill walking on biomechanical energy harvesting: An energetics and EMG study
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Home-based interventions improve trained, but not novel, dual-task balance performance in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Overground vs. treadmill walking on biomechanical energy harvesting: An energetics and EMG study
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Home-based interventions improve trained, but not novel, dual-task balance performance in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Overground vs. treadmill walking on biomechanical energy harvesting: An energetics and EMG study
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Jean-Paul Martin, Qingguo Li
A biomechanical energy harvester is a wearable device that generates electricity from human motion. Walking on a treadmill has been used almost exclusively by researchers for studying the energetic effects of biomechanical energy harvesters and wearable robotics. A treadmill provides the advantage of having long duration trials within a stationary motion capture volume. However, no consensus exists on whether the results from treadmill walking accurately represent overground walking. We aim to investigate how a biomechanical energy harvester performs overground compared to on a treadmill by measuring energy expenditure and muscle activity. Participants (n=15) walked both overground and on a treadmill with and without a lower limb-driven biomechanical energy harvester. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry and muscle activity was collected with surface electromyograms on seven superficial lower limb muscles. We observed a similar increase in metabolic cost of transport (Δoverground: 0.28±0.24J/kgm, Δtreadmill: 0.30±0.24J/kgm) from normal walking (overground: 2.56±0.33J/kgm, treadmill: 3.39±0.31J/kgm) to harvester walking (overground: 2.83±0.35J/kgm, treadmill: 3.69±0.32J/kgm) in both walking modes (p>0.05). This was accompanied a significant increase in muscle activity of select muscle groups (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase observed during walking on a treadmill compared to overground walking (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that although the metabolic cost of transport and muscle activation for treadmill walking is higher than that of overground, when studying the effects of a biomechanical energy harvester, treadmill will give similar net increases when compared to a controlled walking condition, such as normal walking, on the same walking surface.
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Home-based interventions improve trained, but not novel, dual-task balance performance in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Suleeporn Wongcharoen, Somporn Sungkarat, Peeraya Munkhetvit, Vipul Lugade, Patima Silsupadol
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different home-based interventions on dual-task balance performance and to determine the generalizability of the four trainings to untrained tasks. Sixty older adults, aged 65 and older, were randomly assigned to one of four home-based interventions: single-task motor training, single-task cognitive training, dual-task motor-cognitive training, and dual-task cognitive–cognitive training. Participants received 60-min individualized training sessions, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Prior to and following the training program, participants were asked to walk under two single-task conditions (i.e. narrow walking and obstacle crossing) and two dual-task conditions (i.e. a trained narrow walking while performing verbal fluency task and an untrained obstacle crossing while counting backward by 3s task). A nine-camera motion capture system was used to collect the trajectories of 32 reflective markers placed on bony landmarks of participants. Three-dimensional kinematics of the whole body center of mass and base of support were computed. Results from the extrapolated center of mass displacement indicated that motor-cognitive training was more effective than the single-task motor training to improve dual-task balance performance (p=0.04, ES=0.11). Interestingly, balance performance under both single-task and dual-task conditions can also be improved through a non-motor, single-task cognitive training program (p=0.01, ES=0.13, and p=0.01, ES=0.11, respectively). However, improved dual-task processing skills during training were not transferred to the novel dual task (p=0.15, ES=0.09). This is the first study demonstrating that home-based dual-task training can be effectively implemented to improve balance performance during gait in older adults.
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Products based on olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in the post-radiotherapy xerostomia
Alexandros Sfakianakis
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182
6948891480
A Cure for Congenital Hearing Loss
Kazusaku Kamiya, MD, PhD, and his colleagues replicated cochlear cells that could potentially be used to replace faulty ones in patients with hearing loss caused by mutation of the Gap Junction Beta 2 (GJB2) gene (Stem Cell Reports. 2016). The researchers from Jutendo University in Tokyo, Japan, produced induced pluripotent stem cells aimed at correcting this inherited condition, which causes disruption of gap junction plaques in the cochlea and leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss. They demonstrated in a mouse model that the stem-cell-derived gap junction cells were functional for forming gap junction intercellular communication networks and transient ion species typical of the developing cochlea. The authors of the study hoped the in vitrol models could be used to develop inner-ear therapies and drug screening that target GJB2-related hearing loss.
Figure. Schematic of In Vitro iPSC Differentiation into Functional iCx26GJCs and Disease Model Cells for GJB2-Related Hearing Loss
Approximately one in 1,000 children has severe hearing loss at birth or during early childhood, with about half of the cases attributable to genetic causes. Mutation of the GJB2 gene is the most common cause of hereditary hearing loss worldwide and accounts for up to 50 percent of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss cases in some populations.
Published: 11/28/2016 11:34:00 AM
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A Cure for Congenital Hearing Loss
Kazusaku Kamiya, MD, PhD, and his colleagues replicated cochlear cells that could potentially be used to replace faulty ones in patients with hearing loss caused by mutation of the Gap Junction Beta 2 (GJB2) gene (Stem Cell Reports. 2016). The researchers from Jutendo University in Tokyo, Japan, produced induced pluripotent stem cells aimed at correcting this inherited condition, which causes disruption of gap junction plaques in the cochlea and leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss. They demonstrated in a mouse model that the stem-cell-derived gap junction cells were functional for forming gap junction intercellular communication networks and transient ion species typical of the developing cochlea. The authors of the study hoped the in vitrol models could be used to develop inner-ear therapies and drug screening that target GJB2-related hearing loss.
Figure. Schematic of In Vitro iPSC Differentiation into Functional iCx26GJCs and Disease Model Cells for GJB2-Related Hearing Loss
Approximately one in 1,000 children has severe hearing loss at birth or during early childhood, with about half of the cases attributable to genetic causes. Mutation of the GJB2 gene is the most common cause of hereditary hearing loss worldwide and accounts for up to 50 percent of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss cases in some populations.
Published: 11/28/2016 11:34:00 AM
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A Cure for Congenital Hearing Loss
Kazusaku Kamiya, MD, PhD, and his colleagues replicated cochlear cells that could potentially be used to replace faulty ones in patients with hearing loss caused by mutation of the Gap Junction Beta 2 (GJB2) gene (Stem Cell Reports. 2016). The researchers from Jutendo University in Tokyo, Japan, produced induced pluripotent stem cells aimed at correcting this inherited condition, which causes disruption of gap junction plaques in the cochlea and leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss. They demonstrated in a mouse model that the stem-cell-derived gap junction cells were functional for forming gap junction intercellular communication networks and transient ion species typical of the developing cochlea. The authors of the study hoped the in vitrol models could be used to develop inner-ear therapies and drug screening that target GJB2-related hearing loss.
Figure. Schematic of In Vitro iPSC Differentiation into Functional iCx26GJCs and Disease Model Cells for GJB2-Related Hearing Loss
Approximately one in 1,000 children has severe hearing loss at birth or during early childhood, with about half of the cases attributable to genetic causes. Mutation of the GJB2 gene is the most common cause of hereditary hearing loss worldwide and accounts for up to 50 percent of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss cases in some populations.
Published: 11/28/2016 11:34:00 AM
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Δευτέρα 28 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Neural Correlates of the Binaural Masking Level Difference in Human Frequency-Following Responses
Abstract
The binaural masking level difference (BMLD) is an auditory phenomenon where binaural tone-in-noise detection is improved when the phase of either signal or noise is inverted in one of the ears (SπNo or SoNπ, respectively), relative to detection when signal and noise are in identical phase at each ear (SoNo). Processing related to BMLDs and interaural time differences has been confirmed in the auditory brainstem of non-human mammals; in the human auditory brainstem, phase-locked neural responses elicited by BMLD stimuli have not been systematically examined across signal-to-noise ratio. Behavioral and physiological testing was performed in three binaural stimulus conditions: SoNo, SπNo, and SoNπ. BMLDs at 500 Hz were obtained from 14 young, normal-hearing adults (ages 21–26). Physiological BMLDs used the frequency-following response (FFR), a scalp-recorded auditory evoked potential dependent on sustained phase-locked neural activity; FFR tone-in-noise detection thresholds were used to calculate physiological BMLDs. FFR BMLDs were significantly smaller (poorer) than behavioral BMLDs, and FFR BMLDs did not reflect a physiological release from masking, on average. Raw FFR amplitude showed substantial reductions in the SπNo condition relative to SoNo and SoNπ conditions, consistent with negative effects of phase summation from left and right ear FFRs. FFR amplitude differences between stimulus conditions (e.g., SoNo amplitude–SπNo amplitude) were significantly predictive of behavioral SπNo BMLDs; individuals with larger amplitude differences had larger (better) behavioral B MLDs and individuals with smaller amplitude differences had smaller (poorer) behavioral B MLDs. These data indicate a role for sustained phase-locked neural activity in BMLDs of humans and are the first to show predictive relationships between behavioral BMLDs and human brainstem responses.
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Natural Compounds as Occult Ototoxins? Ginkgo biloba Flavonoids Moderately Damage Lateral Line Hair Cells
Abstract
Several drugs, including aminoglycosides and platinum-based chemotherapy agents, are well known for their ototoxic properties. However, FDA-approved drugs are not routinely tested for ototoxicity, so their potential to affect hearing often goes unrecognized. This issue is further compounded for natural products, where there is a lack of FDA oversight and the manufacturer is solely responsible for ensuring the safety of their products. Natural products such as herbal supplements are easily accessible and commonly used in the practice of traditional eastern and alternative medicine. Using the zebrafish lateral line, we screened a natural products library to identify potential ototoxins. We found that the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol, both from the Gingko biloba plant, demonstrated significant ototoxicity, killing up to 30 % of lateral line hair cells. We then examined a third Ginkgo flavonoid, isorhamnetin, and found similar levels of ototoxicity. After flavonoid treatment, surviving hair cells demonstrated reduced uptake of the vital dye FM 1-43FX, suggesting that the health of the remaining hair cells was compromised. We then asked if these flavonoids enter hair cells through the mechanotransduction channel, which is the site of entry for many known ototoxins. High extracellular calcium or the quinoline derivative E6 berbamine significantly protected hair cells from flavonoid damage, implicating the transduction channel as a site of flavonoid uptake. Since known ototoxins activate cellular stress responses, we asked if reactive oxygen species were necessary for flavonoid ototoxicity. Co-treatment with the antioxidant D-methionine significantly protected hair cells from each flavonoid, suggesting that antioxidant therapy could prevent hair cell loss. How these products affect mammalian hair cells is still an open question and will be the target of future experiments. However, this research demonstrates the potential for ototoxic damage caused by unregulated herbal supplements and suggests that further supplement characterization is warranted.
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Toward a Nonspeech Test of Auditory Cognition: Semantic Context Effects in Environmental Sound Identification in Adults of Varying Age and Hearing Abilities
by Valeriy Shafiro, Stanley Sheft, Molly Norris, George Spanos, Katherine Radasevich, Paige Formsma, Brian Gygi
ObjectiveSounds in everyday environments tend to follow one another as events unfold over time. The tacit knowledge of contextual relationships among environmental sounds can influence their perception. We examined the effect of semantic context on the identification of sequences of environmental sounds by adults of varying age and hearing abilities, with an aim to develop a nonspeech test of auditory cognition.
MethodThe familiar environmental sound test (FEST) consisted of 25 individual sounds arranged into ten five-sound sequences: five contextually coherent and five incoherent. After hearing each sequence, listeners identified each sound and arranged them in the presentation order. FEST was administered to young normal-hearing, middle-to-older normal-hearing, and middle-to-older hearing-impaired adults (Experiment 1), and to postlingual cochlear-implant users and young normal-hearing adults tested through vocoder-simulated implants (Experiment 2).
ResultsFEST scores revealed a strong positive effect of semantic context in all listener groups, with young normal-hearing listeners outperforming other groups. FEST scores also correlated with other measures of cognitive ability, and for CI users, with the intelligibility of speech-in-noise.
ConclusionsBeing sensitive to semantic context effects, FEST can serve as a nonspeech test of auditory cognition for diverse listener populations to assess and potentially improve everyday listening skills.
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Does unilateral single-event multilevel surgery improve gait in children with spastic hemiplegia? A retrospective analysis of a long-term follow-up
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Does unilateral single-event multilevel surgery improve gait in children with spastic hemiplegia? A retrospective analysis of a long-term follow-up
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Does unilateral single-event multilevel surgery improve gait in children with spastic hemiplegia? A retrospective analysis of a long-term follow-up
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Christian Schranz, Annika Kruse, Tanja Kraus, Gerhardt Steinwender, Martin Svehlik
Single event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has become a standard intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS proved to improve the gait in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and those improvements can be maintained in the long term. However there is no evidence on the long-term outcome of unilateral SEMLS in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.The gait analyses and clinical data of 14 children (9 male/5 female, mean age 12.1) with unilateral CP (6 children Gross Motor Function Classification System Scale level I and 8 children level II) were retrospectively reviewed at four time-points: preoperatively, 1year, 3–5 years and approximately 10 years after unilateral SEMLS. The Gait Profile Score (GPS) of the affected leg was used as a main and the number of fine tuning procedures as well as complications rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) as secondary outcome measures.The gait improved postoperatively and the GPS of the affected leg significantly declined by 3.73° which is well above the minimal clinical important difference of 1.6°. No deterioration of GPS occurred throughout the follow-up period. Therefore the postoperative improvement was maintained long-term. However, additional fine-tuning procedures had to be performed during the follow-up in 5 children and three complications occurred (one level II and two level III).The results indicate that children with unilateral cerebral palsy benefit from unilateral SEMLS and maintain gait improvements long-term.
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Κυριακή 27 Νοεμβρίου 2016
The Role of Audiology in an Evidence-based Tinnitus Program
Learning OutcomesAfter this course learners will be able to:Describe the most recent AAO-HNS guidelines and the clinical evidence supporting them.Explain how the most recent AAO-HNS tinnitus guidelines can be put into practice by clinical audio
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The Role of Audiology in an Evidence-based Tinnitus Program
Learning OutcomesAfter this course learners will be able to:Describe the most recent AAO-HNS guidelines and the clinical evidence supporting them.Explain how the most recent AAO-HNS tinnitus guidelines can be put into practice by clinical audio
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The Role of Audiology in an Evidence-based Tinnitus Program
Learning OutcomesAfter this course learners will be able to:Describe the most recent AAO-HNS guidelines and the clinical evidence supporting them.Explain how the most recent AAO-HNS tinnitus guidelines can be put into practice by clinical audio
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Testimonial from a user in Japan
Keiichi, an AudioNotch user from Japan, sent us the following message:
Thank you for offering us tinnitus sound therapy.I have been sufffering from severe tinnitus about three years.Fourtunately I came across your site yesterday and I found that my tinnitus came from my damaged hearing.I cannot hear those sound well around 10000hz.That must be the reason why my ears are ringing.My brain will be sending signals to my loss hearing.Thanks to your sound therapy,my bad tinnitus have almost stopped.It is miracle,amazing.I hope I can sleep better than before.
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my jailbroken ipod keeps rebooting
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Iphone 5 Jailbreak
Whenever you’re on iOS 9.1, even so, then you definitely’ll be delighted to study that anyone can jailbreak your iPhone, iPad, iPod look right away. But remember, the Pangu 9 device operates only assuming you have a nice and clean installing of iOS 9.1 onboard your iOS gadget. If you happen to current in the air flow (OTA), then we recommend that you may not continue when using the jailbreak. When you mess up someplace somewhere between, then thereAnd#8217;s no way you can restore returning to iOS 9.1. You can actually only enhance either to iOS 9.2.1, or even the in recent times presented iOS 9.3. The first kind will cease to generally be signed inside the times to follow, so make your progress now!iH8sn0w, de hacker pass away eerder Sn0wbreeze en iFaith ontwikkelde, heeft in een video footage aangetoond dat hij iOS 10 succesvol kan jailbreaken. De jailbreak-methode is nog niet vrijgegeven aan gebruikers. Ook bevestigt iH8sn0w dat Cydia niet crasht onder iOS 10. In de video recording is een iPhone 5 te zien, een 32-tad toestel. Dat wekt de indruk dat de jailbreak afhankelijk is vehicle de iBoot-exploit waarmee je toestellen voor altijd kunt jailbreaken. Het is nog niet bekend of iH8sn0w plannen heeft om ook aan een jailbreak voor 64-tiny bit toestellen te werken. Momenteel is er alleen een jailbreak mogelijk voor iOS 9.1, 9.2.x en 9.3.by fulfilled behulp vehicle Pangu.The production with the recent enhance by Apple has not much related to the rumored iOS 10 jailbreak program by Todesco and any noticeable jailbreak device from others. In actual fact, iOS 10.2 was introduced to take care of some glitches in iOS 10. For starters, there seems to be the condition of deteriorating Lightning Earpods that people adventure occasional complications in the audio. Secondary, snapshots that abruptly stop smoking when iPhone Cloud Library is applied. Remain, the situation on mobile app extensions.Whereas iOS 9.3.1 is going to be discharged towards public, Apple revealed your initial beta version of iOS 9.3 in early Jan and consumer release in late March. Plus they produced another patch introduce just following a week of iOS 9.3 public launching. This is just a minor version, but a pair of bug fixes to iOS 9.3. It offers bug fixes for any new features of iOS 9.3, such as Night time Move, power to look after remarks using a password or Touching ID, revamped News mobile app, schooling aid programs, assistance for Apple Music in CarPlay, understanding of the data usage when using Wi-Fi assist, kept up to date health application and a whole lot a lot more.One of the leading disadvantages of iOS is the possible lack of a possibility to create your own third-event app while the normal app. Amazingly jailbreak tweaks like MapsOpener make it easier to set in place Google and bing Maps given that the normal iphone app and not Apple’s Maps application and BrowserChooser and BrowserChanger help you to change the default brower. Additionally you can use jailbreak adjustments like NowNow to change Google Now with Siri.Apple has produced a fresh advertising and marketing apprenticeship plan recognized as And#8216;Orchard,And#8217; reports MacRumors. Your website observed an intriguing landing page. tweeted out by numerous Apple workers, that leads towards Duties area of AppleAnd#8217;s internet site.You can read the often questioned concerns regarding the Semi jailbreak. Just browse the SemiJB 9.2 FAQ page with the earlier mentioned link. These FAQs are simply for iOS 9.2 variant. You can easily seek advice regarding the SemiJB working with opinion area of this web page.Kort na het verschijnen vehicle evad3rs voor iOS heeft iH8sn0w ook een ‘untether’ uitgebracht voor iOS 6.1.3 en 6.1.5. Een untether zorgt ervoor dat een bestaande connected jailbreak door installatie vehicle een softwarepakket uit Cydia untethered kan worden gemaakt, waardoor je het toestel niet meer satisfied een pc hoeft te verbinden om opnieuw op te kunnen starten. De untether voor iOS 6.1.3 t/m 6.1.5 draagt de naam p0sixspwn en is geschikt voor de volgende iDevices:If, by mistake or purposely, depending on how the truth is it, one has managed to improve your instrument to iOS 9.3 instantaneously, we recommend highly you downgrade your instrument directly nearly iOS 9.2.1. You will find, in the event you’re wanting to know with regards to it, the downgrade home window is extremely small but will final provided Apple is putting your signature on iOS 9.2.1. Follow our guide circulated the following teaching how to downgrade to iOS 9.2.1 from iOS 9.3.
What Does Jailbreaking An Iphone Do
Released by evad3rs – a squad comprised of pod2g, MuscleNerd, PlanetBeing, and Pimskeks – in Feb. 2013, evasi0n can be a long-anticipated jailbreak for that iPhone 5 in addition to iOS 6 gizmos. For anyone keeping scores in your home, it needed the evad3rs 136 days or weeks to crack iOS 6.1 towards the iPhone 5, versus just 98 hours for that iPhone 4S, 38 time for iPhone 4, and only 14 days to weeks how do you jailbreak an iphone 7 towards the iPhone 3GS. Evasi0n is certainly one probably the most straight forward jailbreak utilities attainable. It is an untethered jailbreak that operates with all of devices functioning iOS 6 to iOS 6.1. To find out more relating to this product, please be sure to be sure to find out more about our specialized evasi0n site in which you can find the latest improvements and even e-books and videos.BloombergAnd#8217;s Symbol Gurman is confirming immediately that Apple is with the procedure for unifying its divide cloud products team in an effort to foster firmer cooperation between them, superior take on Search engines like google and Amazon online marketplace in your cloud room or space and improve Siri, Maps, iTunes, iCloud along with providers.This iOS 7 jailbreak product depends upon the solutions which not a great number of iPhone jailbreak makers find use of. The bootroom make use of determined by our team of creators works with each and every iOS apparatus really produced, so that you can jailbreak iOS 7.1 and jailbreak iOS 9.2 with similar accomplishment, and the progression won’t require any unique an understanding of Apple units and also their software programs. Have confidence in us, at the moment there is not any speedier, better, plus more! useful way to get your iPhone or any other Apple instrument to try and do just what you want, which is why this jailbreak instrument is necessary-have for any individual with no less than one iOS-based mostly device plus a want to open the functions, adjustments, and apps which had been during the past inaccessible as a result of Apple’s limitations.
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Σάββατο 26 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Psychometric properties of dual-task balance and walking assessments for individuals with neurological conditions: A systematic review
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Psychometric properties of dual-task balance and walking assessments for individuals with neurological conditions: A systematic review
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Psychometric properties of dual-task balance and walking assessments for individuals with neurological conditions: A systematic review
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Lei Yang, Freddy Man Hin Lam, Lin Rong Liao, Mei Zhen Huang, Cheng Qi He, Marco Yiu Chung Pang
BackgroundThe ability of performing a balance or walking task in conjunction with a secondary cognitive or motor task, referred to as dual-task (DT) ability, is essential in daily living. While there is some evidence that DT performance is impaired in individuals with neurological conditions, using reliable and valid tools to measure DT performance is essential. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of DT balance and walking assessments in individuals with different neurological conditions.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (last search done in April 2016). The methodological quality was rated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist.ResultsTwenty-three articles involving individuals with stroke, Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis were included. Outcomes derived from the walking tasks under DT condition generally demonstrated good reliability (correlation coefficient ≥0.75) across different neurological disorders, but their usefulness in distinguishing fallers from non-fallers was inconclusive. The reliability of outcomes derived from the cognitive/motor tasks and from the dual-task effect (DTE) (i.e., DT performance minus single-task performance) seemed to be lower but was understudied. The reliability of static or dynamic sitting/standing balance outcomes in DT condition was not assessed in any of the selected studies.ConclusionsThe reliability of the outcomes derived from walking tasks was good. The psychometric properties of other DT outcomes need to be further investigated.
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Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Fackler CJ, Berger EH, Murphy WJ, Stergar ME
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the performance of hearing protection devices (HPDs) in impulsive-noise conditions and to compare various protection metrics between impulsive and steady-state noise sources with different characteristics.
DESIGN: HPDs were measured per the impulsive test methods of ANSI/ASA S12.42- 2010 . Protectors were measured with impulses generated by both an acoustic shock tube and an AR-15 rifle. The measured data were analysed for impulse peak insertion loss (IPIL) and impulsive spectral insertion loss (ISIL). These impulsive measurements were compared to insertion loss measured with steady-state noise and with real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT).
STUDY SAMPLE: Tested HPDs included a foam earplug, a level-dependent earplug and an electronic sound-restoration earmuff.
RESULTS: IPIL for a given protector varied between measurements with the two impulse noise sources, but ISIL agreed between the two sources. The level-dependent earplug demonstrated level-dependent effects both in IPIL and ISIL. Steady-state insertion loss and REAT measurements tended to provide a conservative estimate of the impulsively-measured attenuation.
CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of IPIL depend strongly on the source used to measure them, especially for HPDs with less attenuation at low frequencies. ISIL provides an alternative measurement of impulse protection and appears to be a more complete description of an HPD's performance.
PMID: 27885881 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Sereda M, Davies J, Hall DA
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This report considers feasibility of conducting a UK trial of combination devices for tinnitus, using data from the study which evaluated different listener programmes available within the pre-market version of Oticon Alta with Tinnitus Sound Generator.
DESIGN: Open and closed questions addressed the following feasibility issues: (1) Participant recruitment; (2) Device acceptability; (3) Programme preferences in different self-nominated listening situations; (4) Usability; (5) Compliance; (6) Adverse events.
STUDY SAMPLE: Eight current combination hearing aid users (all males) aged between 62-72 years (mean age 67.25 years, SD = 3.8).
RESULTS: All eight participants reported the physical aspects and noise options on the experimental device to be acceptable. Programmes with amplification and masking features were equally preferred over the basic amplification-only programme. Individual preferences for the different programme options varied widely, both across participants and across listening situations.
CONCLUSIONS: A set of recommendations for future trials were formulated which calls for more "real world" trial design rather than tightly controlling the fitting procedure.
PMID: 27885869 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Functional Characterization of a Novel Loss-of-Function Mutation of PRPS1 related to Early-Onset Progressive Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in Koreans (DFNX1): Potential Implications on Future Therapeutic Intervention.
Functional Characterization of a Novel Loss-of-Function Mutation of PRPS1 related to Early-Onset Progressive Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in Koreans (DFNX1): Potential Implications on Future Therapeutic Intervention.
J Gene Med. 2016 Nov 25;:
Authors: Kim SY, Kim AR, Kim NK, Lee C, Han JH, Kim MY, Jeon EH, Park WY, Mittal R, Yan D, Liu XZ, Choi BY
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The symptoms of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) deficiency diseases have been reported to be alleviated by medication. Herein, we report biochemical data to favor PRPS1 deficiency-related hearing loss as a potential target for pharmaceutical treatment.
METHODS: We recruited 42 probands from subjects under the age of 15 years with a moderate degree of nonsyndromic autosomal-recessive or sporadic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in at least one side. Molecular genetic testing, including targeted exome sequencing (TES) of 129 deafness genes, and in silico prediction were performed.
RESULTS: A strong candidate variant-p.A82P-of PRPS1 is co-segregated with SNHL in X-linked recessive inheritance from one Korean multiplex SNHL family. Subsequent measurement of in vitro enzymatic activities of PRPS1 from erythrocytes of affected and unaffected family members as well as unrelated normal controls has confirmed a pathogenic role of this variant. In detail, compared with normal hearing controls (0.23 - 0.26 nmol/ml/h), the proband, affected sibling, and their normal hearing mother demonstrated a significantly decreased PRPS1 enzymatic activity (0.07, 0.03, and 0.11 nmol/ml/h, respectively). This novel loss-of-function mutation of PRPS1-p.A82P-is the 9(th) and 6(th) most reported mutation in the world and in Asia, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: DFNX1 turned out to account for about 2.4% (1/42) of moderate SNHL in a Korean pediatric population. Confirmation of PRPS1 activity deficiency and an audiologic phenotype that initially begins in a milder form of SNHL, as in our family, should indicate the necessity for rigorous genetic screening as early as possible.
PMID: 27886419 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Fackler CJ, Berger EH, Murphy WJ, Stergar ME
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the performance of hearing protection devices (HPDs) in impulsive-noise conditions and to compare various protection metrics between impulsive and steady-state noise sources with different characteristics.
DESIGN: HPDs were measured per the impulsive test methods of ANSI/ASA S12.42- 2010 . Protectors were measured with impulses generated by both an acoustic shock tube and an AR-15 rifle. The measured data were analysed for impulse peak insertion loss (IPIL) and impulsive spectral insertion loss (ISIL). These impulsive measurements were compared to insertion loss measured with steady-state noise and with real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT).
STUDY SAMPLE: Tested HPDs included a foam earplug, a level-dependent earplug and an electronic sound-restoration earmuff.
RESULTS: IPIL for a given protector varied between measurements with the two impulse noise sources, but ISIL agreed between the two sources. The level-dependent earplug demonstrated level-dependent effects both in IPIL and ISIL. Steady-state insertion loss and REAT measurements tended to provide a conservative estimate of the impulsively-measured attenuation.
CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of IPIL depend strongly on the source used to measure them, especially for HPDs with less attenuation at low frequencies. ISIL provides an alternative measurement of impulse protection and appears to be a more complete description of an HPD's performance.
PMID: 27885881 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Sereda M, Davies J, Hall DA
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This report considers feasibility of conducting a UK trial of combination devices for tinnitus, using data from the study which evaluated different listener programmes available within the pre-market version of Oticon Alta with Tinnitus Sound Generator.
DESIGN: Open and closed questions addressed the following feasibility issues: (1) Participant recruitment; (2) Device acceptability; (3) Programme preferences in different self-nominated listening situations; (4) Usability; (5) Compliance; (6) Adverse events.
STUDY SAMPLE: Eight current combination hearing aid users (all males) aged between 62-72 years (mean age 67.25 years, SD = 3.8).
RESULTS: All eight participants reported the physical aspects and noise options on the experimental device to be acceptable. Programmes with amplification and masking features were equally preferred over the basic amplification-only programme. Individual preferences for the different programme options varied widely, both across participants and across listening situations.
CONCLUSIONS: A set of recommendations for future trials were formulated which calls for more "real world" trial design rather than tightly controlling the fitting procedure.
PMID: 27885869 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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The Academy Research Grants in Hearing and Balance.
The Academy Research Grants in Hearing and Balance.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2016 Nov/Dec;27(10):788-789
Authors: Shinn J, McCaslin D
PMID: 27885974 [PubMed - in process]
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Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Fackler CJ, Berger EH, Murphy WJ, Stergar ME
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the performance of hearing protection devices (HPDs) in impulsive-noise conditions and to compare various protection metrics between impulsive and steady-state noise sources with different characteristics.
DESIGN: HPDs were measured per the impulsive test methods of ANSI/ASA S12.42- 2010 . Protectors were measured with impulses generated by both an acoustic shock tube and an AR-15 rifle. The measured data were analysed for impulse peak insertion loss (IPIL) and impulsive spectral insertion loss (ISIL). These impulsive measurements were compared to insertion loss measured with steady-state noise and with real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT).
STUDY SAMPLE: Tested HPDs included a foam earplug, a level-dependent earplug and an electronic sound-restoration earmuff.
RESULTS: IPIL for a given protector varied between measurements with the two impulse noise sources, but ISIL agreed between the two sources. The level-dependent earplug demonstrated level-dependent effects both in IPIL and ISIL. Steady-state insertion loss and REAT measurements tended to provide a conservative estimate of the impulsively-measured attenuation.
CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of IPIL depend strongly on the source used to measure them, especially for HPDs with less attenuation at low frequencies. ISIL provides an alternative measurement of impulse protection and appears to be a more complete description of an HPD's performance.
PMID: 27885881 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Sereda M, Davies J, Hall DA
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This report considers feasibility of conducting a UK trial of combination devices for tinnitus, using data from the study which evaluated different listener programmes available within the pre-market version of Oticon Alta with Tinnitus Sound Generator.
DESIGN: Open and closed questions addressed the following feasibility issues: (1) Participant recruitment; (2) Device acceptability; (3) Programme preferences in different self-nominated listening situations; (4) Usability; (5) Compliance; (6) Adverse events.
STUDY SAMPLE: Eight current combination hearing aid users (all males) aged between 62-72 years (mean age 67.25 years, SD = 3.8).
RESULTS: All eight participants reported the physical aspects and noise options on the experimental device to be acceptable. Programmes with amplification and masking features were equally preferred over the basic amplification-only programme. Individual preferences for the different programme options varied widely, both across participants and across listening situations.
CONCLUSIONS: A set of recommendations for future trials were formulated which calls for more "real world" trial design rather than tightly controlling the fitting procedure.
PMID: 27885869 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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The Academy Research Grants in Hearing and Balance.
The Academy Research Grants in Hearing and Balance.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2016 Nov/Dec;27(10):788-789
Authors: Shinn J, McCaslin D
PMID: 27885974 [PubMed - in process]
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via IFTTT
Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Spectral analysis of hearing protector impulsive insertion loss.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Fackler CJ, Berger EH, Murphy WJ, Stergar ME
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the performance of hearing protection devices (HPDs) in impulsive-noise conditions and to compare various protection metrics between impulsive and steady-state noise sources with different characteristics.
DESIGN: HPDs were measured per the impulsive test methods of ANSI/ASA S12.42- 2010 . Protectors were measured with impulses generated by both an acoustic shock tube and an AR-15 rifle. The measured data were analysed for impulse peak insertion loss (IPIL) and impulsive spectral insertion loss (ISIL). These impulsive measurements were compared to insertion loss measured with steady-state noise and with real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT).
STUDY SAMPLE: Tested HPDs included a foam earplug, a level-dependent earplug and an electronic sound-restoration earmuff.
RESULTS: IPIL for a given protector varied between measurements with the two impulse noise sources, but ISIL agreed between the two sources. The level-dependent earplug demonstrated level-dependent effects both in IPIL and ISIL. Steady-state insertion loss and REAT measurements tended to provide a conservative estimate of the impulsively-measured attenuation.
CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of IPIL depend strongly on the source used to measure them, especially for HPDs with less attenuation at low frequencies. ISIL provides an alternative measurement of impulse protection and appears to be a more complete description of an HPD's performance.
PMID: 27885881 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Pre-market version of a commercially available hearing instrument with a tinnitus sound generator: feasibility of evaluation in a clinical trial.
Int J Audiol. 2016 Nov 25;:1-9
Authors: Sereda M, Davies J, Hall DA
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This report considers feasibility of conducting a UK trial of combination devices for tinnitus, using data from the study which evaluated different listener programmes available within the pre-market version of Oticon Alta with Tinnitus Sound Generator.
DESIGN: Open and closed questions addressed the following feasibility issues: (1) Participant recruitment; (2) Device acceptability; (3) Programme preferences in different self-nominated listening situations; (4) Usability; (5) Compliance; (6) Adverse events.
STUDY SAMPLE: Eight current combination hearing aid users (all males) aged between 62-72 years (mean age 67.25 years, SD = 3.8).
RESULTS: All eight participants reported the physical aspects and noise options on the experimental device to be acceptable. Programmes with amplification and masking features were equally preferred over the basic amplification-only programme. Individual preferences for the different programme options varied widely, both across participants and across listening situations.
CONCLUSIONS: A set of recommendations for future trials were formulated which calls for more "real world" trial design rather than tightly controlling the fitting procedure.
PMID: 27885869 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Παρασκευή 25 Νοεμβρίου 2016
A Flexible Question-and-Answer Task for Measuring Speech Understanding
This report introduces a new speech task based on simple questions and answers. The task differs from a traditional sentence recall task in that it involves an element of comprehension and can be implemented in an ongoing fashion. It also contains two target items (the question and the answer) that may be associated with different voices and locations to create dynamic listening scenarios. A set of 227 questions was created, covering six broad categories (days of the week, months of the year, numbers, colors, opposites, and sizes). All questions and their one-word answers were spoken by 11 female and 11 male talkers. In this study, listeners were presented with question-answer pairs and asked to indicate whether the answer was true or false. Responses were given as simple button or key presses, which are quick to make and easy to score. Two preliminary experiments are presented that illustrate different ways of implementing the basic task. In the first experiment, question-answer pairs were presented in speech-shaped noise, and performance was compared across subjects, question categories, and time, to examine the different sources of variability. In the second experiment, sequences of question-answer pairs were presented amidst competing conversations in an ongoing, spatially dynamic listening scenario. Overall, the question-and-answer task appears to be feasible and could be implemented flexibly in a number of different ways.
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A Flexible Question-and-Answer Task for Measuring Speech Understanding
This report introduces a new speech task based on simple questions and answers. The task differs from a traditional sentence recall task in that it involves an element of comprehension and can be implemented in an ongoing fashion. It also contains two target items (the question and the answer) that may be associated with different voices and locations to create dynamic listening scenarios. A set of 227 questions was created, covering six broad categories (days of the week, months of the year, numbers, colors, opposites, and sizes). All questions and their one-word answers were spoken by 11 female and 11 male talkers. In this study, listeners were presented with question-answer pairs and asked to indicate whether the answer was true or false. Responses were given as simple button or key presses, which are quick to make and easy to score. Two preliminary experiments are presented that illustrate different ways of implementing the basic task. In the first experiment, question-answer pairs were presented in speech-shaped noise, and performance was compared across subjects, question categories, and time, to examine the different sources of variability. In the second experiment, sequences of question-answer pairs were presented amidst competing conversations in an ongoing, spatially dynamic listening scenario. Overall, the question-and-answer task appears to be feasible and could be implemented flexibly in a number of different ways.
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A Flexible Question-and-Answer Task for Measuring Speech Understanding
This report introduces a new speech task based on simple questions and answers. The task differs from a traditional sentence recall task in that it involves an element of comprehension and can be implemented in an ongoing fashion. It also contains two target items (the question and the answer) that may be associated with different voices and locations to create dynamic listening scenarios. A set of 227 questions was created, covering six broad categories (days of the week, months of the year, numbers, colors, opposites, and sizes). All questions and their one-word answers were spoken by 11 female and 11 male talkers. In this study, listeners were presented with question-answer pairs and asked to indicate whether the answer was true or false. Responses were given as simple button or key presses, which are quick to make and easy to score. Two preliminary experiments are presented that illustrate different ways of implementing the basic task. In the first experiment, question-answer pairs were presented in speech-shaped noise, and performance was compared across subjects, question categories, and time, to examine the different sources of variability. In the second experiment, sequences of question-answer pairs were presented amidst competing conversations in an ongoing, spatially dynamic listening scenario. Overall, the question-and-answer task appears to be feasible and could be implemented flexibly in a number of different ways.
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Selective motor control correlates with gait abnormality in children with cerebral palsy
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Selective motor control correlates with gait abnormality in children with cerebral palsy
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Selective motor control correlates with gait abnormality in children with cerebral palsy
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 52
Author(s): Emily Chruscikowski, Nicola R.D. Fry, Jonathan J. Noble, Martin Gough, Adam P. Shortland
Children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) commonly have limited selective motor control (SMC). This affects their ability to complete functional tasks. The impact of impaired SMC on walking has yet to be fully understood. Measures of SMC have been shown to correlate with specific characteristics of gait, however the impact of SMC on overall gait pattern has not been reported. This study explored SMC data collected as part of routine gait analysis in children with bilateral CP.As part of their clinical assessment, SMC was measured with the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremities (SCALE) in 194 patients with bilateral cerebral palsy attending for clinical gait analysis at a single centre. Their summed SCALE score was compared with overall gait impairment, as measured by Gait Profile Score (GPS).Score on SCALE showed a significant negative correlation with GPS (rs=−0.603, p<0.001). Cerebral injuries in CP result in damage to the motor tracts responsible for SMC. Our results indicate that this damage is also associated with changes in the development of walking pattern in children with CP.
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Does Nintendo Wii Balance Board improve standing balance? A randomised controlled trial in children with cerebral palsy.
Does Nintendo Wii Balance Board improve standing balance? A randomised controlled trial in children with cerebral palsy.
Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2016 Nov 24;
Authors: Gatica-Rojas V, Méndez-Rebolledo G, Guzman-Muñoz E, Soto-Poblete A, Cartes-Velásquez R, Elgueta-Cancino E, Cofré Lizama E
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the effect of systemic exercise programs to improve the standing balance with the Nintendo Wii system is very limited and its post- treatment effectiveness is unknown in cerebral palsy (CP) patients.
AIM: Primary aim was to compare the effect of Nintendo Wii balance board (Wii- therapy) and standard physiotherapy (SPT), on the performance of standing balance in children and adolescents with CP. Secondary aim was to determine the post-treatment effectiveness of Wii-therapy and SPT.
DESIGN: Two-arm, matched-pairs, parallel-groups, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
SETTING: Outpatient Rehabilitation Centre in the city of Talca.
POPULATION: Patients with CP type spastic hemiplegia (SHE) and spastic diplegia (SDI), aged 7 to 14 years, and level I or II of GMFCS or GMFCS-ER. Were excluded patients with FSIQ <80, epilepsy, previous surgeries and application of Botulinum Toxin-A in the lower limb, uncorrected vision and hearing disorders.
METHODS: Thirty-two CP patients (10.7±3.2 years old) were randomly assigned to either Wii-therapy (SDI=7; SHE=9) or SPT intervention (SDI=7; SHE=9). In each group, patients received three sessions per week over a period of 6 weeks. Standing balance was assessed at baseline and every 2 weeks. Additionally, two follow-up assessments (4 additional weeks) were performed to determine post- treatment effectiveness. Standing balance was quantified on force platform obtaining the outcomes area of centre-of-pressure (CoP) sway (CoPSway), standard deviation in the medial-lateral (SDML) and the anterior-posterior (SDAP) directions, and velocity in both directions (VML and VAP).
RESULTS: Compared to SPT, Wii-therapy significantly reduced the CoPSway (p=0.02) and SDAP in the eyes-open condition (p=0.01). However, the effects wane after 2-4 weeks. Post hoc analysis revealed that only SHE children benefited from Wii-therapy.
CONCLUSION: Wii-therapy was better than SPT in improving standing balance in patients with CP, but improves the balance only in SHE patients. Also, Wii-therapy effectiveness waned 2-4 weeks after the end the intervention.
CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: A systematic exercise program like Wii- therapy using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board device can be considered to improves the standing balance in patients with CP, specifically in the SHE type. This program is easy to transfer to physiotherapists and rehabilitation centres.
PMID: 27882910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Does Nintendo Wii Balance Board improve standing balance? A randomised controlled trial in children with cerebral palsy.
Does Nintendo Wii Balance Board improve standing balance? A randomised controlled trial in children with cerebral palsy.
Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2016 Nov 24;
Authors: Gatica-Rojas V, Méndez-Rebolledo G, Guzman-Muñoz E, Soto-Poblete A, Cartes-Velásquez R, Elgueta-Cancino E, Cofré Lizama E
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the effect of systemic exercise programs to improve the standing balance with the Nintendo Wii system is very limited and its post- treatment effectiveness is unknown in cerebral palsy (CP) patients.
AIM: Primary aim was to compare the effect of Nintendo Wii balance board (Wii- therapy) and standard physiotherapy (SPT), on the performance of standing balance in children and adolescents with CP. Secondary aim was to determine the post-treatment effectiveness of Wii-therapy and SPT.
DESIGN: Two-arm, matched-pairs, parallel-groups, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
SETTING: Outpatient Rehabilitation Centre in the city of Talca.
POPULATION: Patients with CP type spastic hemiplegia (SHE) and spastic diplegia (SDI), aged 7 to 14 years, and level I or II of GMFCS or GMFCS-ER. Were excluded patients with FSIQ <80, epilepsy, previous surgeries and application of Botulinum Toxin-A in the lower limb, uncorrected vision and hearing disorders.
METHODS: Thirty-two CP patients (10.7±3.2 years old) were randomly assigned to either Wii-therapy (SDI=7; SHE=9) or SPT intervention (SDI=7; SHE=9). In each group, patients received three sessions per week over a period of 6 weeks. Standing balance was assessed at baseline and every 2 weeks. Additionally, two follow-up assessments (4 additional weeks) were performed to determine post- treatment effectiveness. Standing balance was quantified on force platform obtaining the outcomes area of centre-of-pressure (CoP) sway (CoPSway), standard deviation in the medial-lateral (SDML) and the anterior-posterior (SDAP) directions, and velocity in both directions (VML and VAP).
RESULTS: Compared to SPT, Wii-therapy significantly reduced the CoPSway (p=0.02) and SDAP in the eyes-open condition (p=0.01). However, the effects wane after 2-4 weeks. Post hoc analysis revealed that only SHE children benefited from Wii-therapy.
CONCLUSION: Wii-therapy was better than SPT in improving standing balance in patients with CP, but improves the balance only in SHE patients. Also, Wii-therapy effectiveness waned 2-4 weeks after the end the intervention.
CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: A systematic exercise program like Wii- therapy using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board device can be considered to improves the standing balance in patients with CP, specifically in the SHE type. This program is easy to transfer to physiotherapists and rehabilitation centres.
PMID: 27882910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Πέμπτη 24 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Time course of organ of Corti degeneration after noise exposure
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Barbara A. Bohne, Melissa Kimlinger, Gary W. Harding
From our permanent collection of plastic-embedded flat preparations of chinchilla cochleae, 22 controls and 199 ears from noise-exposed animals were used to determine when, postexposure, hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) degeneration were completed. The exposed ears were divided into four groups based on exposure parameters: 0.5- or 4-kHz octave band of noise at moderate (M) or high (H) intensities. Postexposure survival ranged from < 1 h to 2.5 y. Ears fixed ≤ 0-12 h postexposure were called ‛acute‛. For ‛chronic‛ ears, postexposure survival was ≥7 d for groups 0.5M and 4M, ≥ 1 mo for the 4H group and ≥ 7 mo for the 0.5H group. The time course of inner-ear degeneration after noise exposure was determined from data in the 0.5H and 4H groups because these groups contained ears with intermediate survival times. Outer hair cells (OHCs) began dying during the exposure. OHC loss slowed down beyond 1 mo but was still present. Conversely, much inner hair cell loss was delayed until 1-3 wk postexposure. Outer pillar and inner pillar losses were present at a low level in acute ears but increased exponentially thereafter. These results are the first to demonstrate quantitatively that hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) may continue to degenerate for months postexposure.With short postexposure survivals, the remaining SCs often had pathological changes, including: buckled pillar bodies, shifted Deiters‛ cell (DC) nuclei, detachment of DCs from the basilar membrane and/or splitting of the reticular lamina. These pathological changes appeared to allow endolymph and perilymph to intermix in the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti, damaging additional HCs, SCs and nerve fibers. This mechanism may account for some postexposure degeneration. In ears exposed to moderate noise, some of these SC changes appeared to be reversible. In ears exposed to high-level noise, these changes appeared to indicate impending degeneration.
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Time course of organ of Corti degeneration after noise exposure
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Barbara A. Bohne, Melissa Kimlinger, Gary W. Harding
From our permanent collection of plastic-embedded flat preparations of chinchilla cochleae, 22 controls and 199 ears from noise-exposed animals were used to determine when, postexposure, hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) degeneration were completed. The exposed ears were divided into four groups based on exposure parameters: 0.5- or 4-kHz octave band of noise at moderate (M) or high (H) intensities. Postexposure survival ranged from < 1 h to 2.5 y. Ears fixed ≤ 0-12 h postexposure were called ‛acute‛. For ‛chronic‛ ears, postexposure survival was ≥7 d for groups 0.5M and 4M, ≥ 1 mo for the 4H group and ≥ 7 mo for the 0.5H group. The time course of inner-ear degeneration after noise exposure was determined from data in the 0.5H and 4H groups because these groups contained ears with intermediate survival times. Outer hair cells (OHCs) began dying during the exposure. OHC loss slowed down beyond 1 mo but was still present. Conversely, much inner hair cell loss was delayed until 1-3 wk postexposure. Outer pillar and inner pillar losses were present at a low level in acute ears but increased exponentially thereafter. These results are the first to demonstrate quantitatively that hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) may continue to degenerate for months postexposure.With short postexposure survivals, the remaining SCs often had pathological changes, including: buckled pillar bodies, shifted Deiters‛ cell (DC) nuclei, detachment of DCs from the basilar membrane and/or splitting of the reticular lamina. These pathological changes appeared to allow endolymph and perilymph to intermix in the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti, damaging additional HCs, SCs and nerve fibers. This mechanism may account for some postexposure degeneration. In ears exposed to moderate noise, some of these SC changes appeared to be reversible. In ears exposed to high-level noise, these changes appeared to indicate impending degeneration.
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Time course of organ of Corti degeneration after noise exposure
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Barbara A. Bohne, Melissa Kimlinger, Gary W. Harding
From our permanent collection of plastic-embedded flat preparations of chinchilla cochleae, 22 controls and 199 ears from noise-exposed animals were used to determine when, postexposure, hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) degeneration were completed. The exposed ears were divided into four groups based on exposure parameters: 0.5- or 4-kHz octave band of noise at moderate (M) or high (H) intensities. Postexposure survival ranged from < 1 h to 2.5 y. Ears fixed ≤ 0-12 h postexposure were called ‛acute‛. For ‛chronic‛ ears, postexposure survival was ≥7 d for groups 0.5M and 4M, ≥ 1 mo for the 4H group and ≥ 7 mo for the 0.5H group. The time course of inner-ear degeneration after noise exposure was determined from data in the 0.5H and 4H groups because these groups contained ears with intermediate survival times. Outer hair cells (OHCs) began dying during the exposure. OHC loss slowed down beyond 1 mo but was still present. Conversely, much inner hair cell loss was delayed until 1-3 wk postexposure. Outer pillar and inner pillar losses were present at a low level in acute ears but increased exponentially thereafter. These results are the first to demonstrate quantitatively that hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) may continue to degenerate for months postexposure.With short postexposure survivals, the remaining SCs often had pathological changes, including: buckled pillar bodies, shifted Deiters‛ cell (DC) nuclei, detachment of DCs from the basilar membrane and/or splitting of the reticular lamina. These pathological changes appeared to allow endolymph and perilymph to intermix in the fluid spaces of the organ of Corti, damaging additional HCs, SCs and nerve fibers. This mechanism may account for some postexposure degeneration. In ears exposed to moderate noise, some of these SC changes appeared to be reversible. In ears exposed to high-level noise, these changes appeared to indicate impending degeneration.
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