Fabrication of mesoporous SiO 2 @SLS composite to remove organic pollutants: hydrogen bond-induced intriguing changes of solubility

Abstract

Because biomass lignin shows good adsorption activity, its derivatives such as alkali lignin and kraft lignin have been applied in water treatment; however, sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), mainly limited by its high water solubility, is not applicable in this respect. In this work, we fabricated SiO₂@SLS mesoporous adsorbent using a facile solution coating method by one step. SLS coating SiO₂ enables the former to be "separated" from water, accomplishing the soluble to insoluble conversion. This change makes the composite more suitable and efficient to remove organic pollutants from water than the SLS precursor. It is found that interfacial hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the conversion, which is further corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Various characterizations show that SiO₂@SLS is composed of uniform particles around 80 nm in size. Abundant mesopores with diameters ranging from 2 to 3 nm are found on the surface of SiO₂@SLS nanoparticles. The specific surface areas of SiO₂@SLS were measured between 293.4 and 33.2 m² g⁻¹, depending on the SLS amount used in the preparing process. Originating from the bio-adsorbent lignin precursor, the SiO₂@SLS composite shows excellent adsorption property. Representatively, SiO₂@SLS-0.6 is able to efficiently remove methylene blue (MB), almost twice as much as SiO₂-0 does; its adsorption capacity (Q_m) reaches 206.2 mg g⁻¹ according to the Langmuir model fitting; notably, SiO₂@SLS-0.6 works very well even in a high-concentration MB solution (50 mg L⁻¹), showing removal efficiencies at 90.0% (within 1 h) and 99.9% (720 h, i.e., 30 days). Plus having remarkable adsorption stability, our composite SiO₂@SLS is anticipated to be promising in application of polluted water treatment.

Graphical abstract

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