Tinnitus Terminator Sale Price

You no longer have to suffer from the constant irritation of tinnitus. Take advantage of the current Tinnitus Terminator sale price and make the first step toward hearing normally.

Tinnitus Terminator is a program for anyone dealing with the frustration of tinnitus. After you pay the Tinnitus Terminator sale price, you are on your way to not having your focus disrupted by unwanted noise in the ears.

Tinnitus Terminator is a program that retrains your ears. This is an all-natural process that does not require medications or drugs. It has been used by over 40 thousand tinnitus sufferers with reports of anywhere from small to significant improvement in the condition.

This is an audio program inspired by Neuromonics. Neuromonics is a highly regarded manufacturer of tinnitus relief tools. Like many of Neuromonics’s therapeutic products, Tinnitus Terminator uses sound recordings played in a loop. The brain hears these sounds, desensitizing the way the brain perceives the ringing, buzzing and roaring associated with tinnitus.

As stated, thousands have seen improvement in their condition. And now, thanks to the Tinnitus Terminator sale price, even more sufferers can see and learn what they have.

Another option the tinnitus sufferer can look at is AudioNotch. AudioNotch is online software that, like Tinnitus Terminator, uses sound therapy. It is unique in that it allows the creation of customized sound therapy for the individual sufferer. The platform uses scientifically designed treatments to reduce the volume of tinnitus.

Unlike Tinnitus Terminator, AudioNotch asks you to align sound with the frequency of your tinnitus. After this step, you can use the platform’s sound or use your own music to develop custom sounds tailored to your comfort. After, you conduct sound therapy for an average of one hour a day. As you find your condition improving, you gradually reduce the volume.

Despite the Tinnitus Terminator sale price, AudioNotch has a slight edge with not only its unique and customized therapy, but with its utility for using any MP3 player to engage in therapy. AudioNotch also comes with a risk free guarantee if you are not satisfied with its performance.

This would certainly be a great time to take advantage of the Tinnitus Terminator sale price and get yourself a top notch ally in the battle against tinnitus, but you should also take a look at AudioNotch with its research-backed application and unique customizing treatments. Whichever you do choose, expect to see impressive results.

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Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Related Articles

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 26;:1-9

Authors: Muñoz K, Ong CW, Borrie SA, Nelson LH, Twohig MP

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory study was to describe audiologist communication behaviours during appointments for hearing device monitoring and management before and after participation in counselling skills training.
DESIGN: The study used a longitudinal design with three assessment points over 6 months.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample included 10 audiologists and audiology graduate students interacting in a professional setting with their clients.
RESULTS: Audiologists reported improvement in their counselling skills from pre-training to follow-up, which was consistent with objective findings that audiologist relative speaking time decreased from pre-training to post-training as well as from pre-training to follow-up. Observer-rated scores of participants' counselling skills; however, yielded no significant differences across time.
CONCLUSIONS: Some improvement was noted in audiologists' counselling behaviour following a 1-day communication skills workshop and continued learning support. It is evident; however, that further training, such as increased training and performance feedback, is needed to maintain and enhance audiologist progress in the various aspects of counselling.

PMID: 28266245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Related Articles

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 13;:1-21

Authors: Verbecque E, Marijnissen T, De Belder N, Van Rompaey V, Boudewyns A, Van de Heyning P, Vereeck L, Hallemans A

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children with SNHL classified according to the applied test and its corresponding sensitivity and specificity.
DESIGN: Data were gathered using a systematic search query including reference screening.
STUDY SAMPLE: Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched. Strategy and reporting of this review was based on the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.
RESULTS: All studies, regardless the applied vestibular test, showed that vestibular function differs significantly between children with hearing loss and normal hearing (p < 0.05). Compared with caloric testing, the sensitivity of the Rotational Chair Test (RCT) varies between 61 and 80% and specificity between 21 and 80%, whereas this was, respectively, 71-100% and 30-100% for collic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP). Compared with RCT, the sensitivity was 88-100% and the specificity was 69-100% for the Dynamic Visual Acuity test, respectively, 67-100% and 71-100% for the (video) Head Impulse Test and 83% and 86% for the ocular VEMP.
CONCLUSIONS: Currently, due to methodological shortcoming, evidence on sensitivity and specificity of vestibular tests is unknown to moderate. Future research should focus on adequate sample sizes (subgroups >30).

PMID: 28264605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Related Articles

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 26;:1-9

Authors: Muñoz K, Ong CW, Borrie SA, Nelson LH, Twohig MP

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory study was to describe audiologist communication behaviours during appointments for hearing device monitoring and management before and after participation in counselling skills training.
DESIGN: The study used a longitudinal design with three assessment points over 6 months.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample included 10 audiologists and audiology graduate students interacting in a professional setting with their clients.
RESULTS: Audiologists reported improvement in their counselling skills from pre-training to follow-up, which was consistent with objective findings that audiologist relative speaking time decreased from pre-training to post-training as well as from pre-training to follow-up. Observer-rated scores of participants' counselling skills; however, yielded no significant differences across time.
CONCLUSIONS: Some improvement was noted in audiologists' counselling behaviour following a 1-day communication skills workshop and continued learning support. It is evident; however, that further training, such as increased training and performance feedback, is needed to maintain and enhance audiologist progress in the various aspects of counselling.

PMID: 28266245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2m4dt9U
via IFTTT

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Related Articles

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 13;:1-21

Authors: Verbecque E, Marijnissen T, De Belder N, Van Rompaey V, Boudewyns A, Van de Heyning P, Vereeck L, Hallemans A

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children with SNHL classified according to the applied test and its corresponding sensitivity and specificity.
DESIGN: Data were gathered using a systematic search query including reference screening.
STUDY SAMPLE: Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched. Strategy and reporting of this review was based on the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.
RESULTS: All studies, regardless the applied vestibular test, showed that vestibular function differs significantly between children with hearing loss and normal hearing (p < 0.05). Compared with caloric testing, the sensitivity of the Rotational Chair Test (RCT) varies between 61 and 80% and specificity between 21 and 80%, whereas this was, respectively, 71-100% and 30-100% for collic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP). Compared with RCT, the sensitivity was 88-100% and the specificity was 69-100% for the Dynamic Visual Acuity test, respectively, 67-100% and 71-100% for the (video) Head Impulse Test and 83% and 86% for the ocular VEMP.
CONCLUSIONS: Currently, due to methodological shortcoming, evidence on sensitivity and specificity of vestibular tests is unknown to moderate. Future research should focus on adequate sample sizes (subgroups >30).

PMID: 28264605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2mAQs1h
via IFTTT

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Related Articles

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 26;:1-9

Authors: Muñoz K, Ong CW, Borrie SA, Nelson LH, Twohig MP

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory study was to describe audiologist communication behaviours during appointments for hearing device monitoring and management before and after participation in counselling skills training.
DESIGN: The study used a longitudinal design with three assessment points over 6 months.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample included 10 audiologists and audiology graduate students interacting in a professional setting with their clients.
RESULTS: Audiologists reported improvement in their counselling skills from pre-training to follow-up, which was consistent with objective findings that audiologist relative speaking time decreased from pre-training to post-training as well as from pre-training to follow-up. Observer-rated scores of participants' counselling skills; however, yielded no significant differences across time.
CONCLUSIONS: Some improvement was noted in audiologists' counselling behaviour following a 1-day communication skills workshop and continued learning support. It is evident; however, that further training, such as increased training and performance feedback, is needed to maintain and enhance audiologist progress in the various aspects of counselling.

PMID: 28266245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2m4dt9U
via IFTTT

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Related Articles

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 13;:1-21

Authors: Verbecque E, Marijnissen T, De Belder N, Van Rompaey V, Boudewyns A, Van de Heyning P, Vereeck L, Hallemans A

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children with SNHL classified according to the applied test and its corresponding sensitivity and specificity.
DESIGN: Data were gathered using a systematic search query including reference screening.
STUDY SAMPLE: Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched. Strategy and reporting of this review was based on the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.
RESULTS: All studies, regardless the applied vestibular test, showed that vestibular function differs significantly between children with hearing loss and normal hearing (p < 0.05). Compared with caloric testing, the sensitivity of the Rotational Chair Test (RCT) varies between 61 and 80% and specificity between 21 and 80%, whereas this was, respectively, 71-100% and 30-100% for collic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP). Compared with RCT, the sensitivity was 88-100% and the specificity was 69-100% for the Dynamic Visual Acuity test, respectively, 67-100% and 71-100% for the (video) Head Impulse Test and 83% and 86% for the ocular VEMP.
CONCLUSIONS: Currently, due to methodological shortcoming, evidence on sensitivity and specificity of vestibular tests is unknown to moderate. Future research should focus on adequate sample sizes (subgroups >30).

PMID: 28264605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2mAQs1h
via IFTTT

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Related Articles

Audiologists' communication behaviour during hearing device management appointments.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 26;:1-9

Authors: Muñoz K, Ong CW, Borrie SA, Nelson LH, Twohig MP

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory study was to describe audiologist communication behaviours during appointments for hearing device monitoring and management before and after participation in counselling skills training.
DESIGN: The study used a longitudinal design with three assessment points over 6 months.
STUDY SAMPLE: The sample included 10 audiologists and audiology graduate students interacting in a professional setting with their clients.
RESULTS: Audiologists reported improvement in their counselling skills from pre-training to follow-up, which was consistent with objective findings that audiologist relative speaking time decreased from pre-training to post-training as well as from pre-training to follow-up. Observer-rated scores of participants' counselling skills; however, yielded no significant differences across time.
CONCLUSIONS: Some improvement was noted in audiologists' counselling behaviour following a 1-day communication skills workshop and continued learning support. It is evident; however, that further training, such as increased training and performance feedback, is needed to maintain and enhance audiologist progress in the various aspects of counselling.

PMID: 28266245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2m4dt9U
via IFTTT

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Related Articles

Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review.

Int J Audiol. 2017 Feb 13;:1-21

Authors: Verbecque E, Marijnissen T, De Belder N, Van Rompaey V, Boudewyns A, Van de Heyning P, Vereeck L, Hallemans A

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in children with SNHL classified according to the applied test and its corresponding sensitivity and specificity.
DESIGN: Data were gathered using a systematic search query including reference screening.
STUDY SAMPLE: Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase were searched. Strategy and reporting of this review was based on the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist.
RESULTS: All studies, regardless the applied vestibular test, showed that vestibular function differs significantly between children with hearing loss and normal hearing (p < 0.05). Compared with caloric testing, the sensitivity of the Rotational Chair Test (RCT) varies between 61 and 80% and specificity between 21 and 80%, whereas this was, respectively, 71-100% and 30-100% for collic Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP). Compared with RCT, the sensitivity was 88-100% and the specificity was 69-100% for the Dynamic Visual Acuity test, respectively, 67-100% and 71-100% for the (video) Head Impulse Test and 83% and 86% for the ocular VEMP.
CONCLUSIONS: Currently, due to methodological shortcoming, evidence on sensitivity and specificity of vestibular tests is unknown to moderate. Future research should focus on adequate sample sizes (subgroups >30).

PMID: 28264605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Screening of deafness-causing DNA variants that are common in patients of European ancestry using a microarray-based approach

by Denise Yan, Guangxin Xiang, Xingping Chai, Jie Qing, Haiqiong Shang, Bing Zou, Rahul Mittal, Jun Shen, Richard J. H. Smith, Yao-Shan Fan, Susan H. Blanton, Mustafa Tekin, Cynthia Morton, Wanli Xing, Jing Cheng, Xue Zhong Liu

The unparalleled heterogeneity in genetic causes of hearing loss along with remarkable differences in prevalence of causative variants among ethnic groups makes single gene tests technically inefficient. Although hundreds of genes have been reported to be associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL), GJB2, GJB6, SLC26A4, and mitochondrial (mt) MT-RNR1 and MTTS are the major contributors. In order to provide a faster, more comprehensive and cost effective assay, we constructed a DNA fluidic array, CapitalBioMiamiOtoArray, for the detection of sequence variants in five genes that are common in most populations of European descent. They consist of c.35delG, p.W44C, p.L90P, c.167delT (GJB2); 309kb deletion (GJB6); p.L236P, p.T416P (SLC26A4); and m.1555A>G, m.7444G>A (mtDNA). We have validated our hearing loss array by analyzing a total of 160 DNAs samples. Our results show 100% concordance between the fluidic array biochip-based approach and the established Sanger sequencing method, thus proving its robustness and reliability at a relatively low cost.

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The gap-prepulse inhibition deficit of the cortical N1-P2 complex in patients with tinnitus: The effect of gap duration

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yunseo Ku, Joong woo Ahn, Chiheon Kwon, Do Youn Kim, Myung-Whan Suh, Moo Kyun Park, Jun Ho Lee, Seung Ha Oh, Hee Chan Kim
The present study aimed to investigate whether gap-prepulse inhibition (GPI) deficit in patients with tinnitus occurred in the N1-P2 complex of the cortical auditory evoked potential. Auditory late responses to the intense sound of the GPI paradigm were obtained from 16 patients with tinnitus and 18 age- and hearing loss-matched controls without tinnitus. The inhibition degrees of the N1-P2 complex were assessed at 100-, 50-, and 20-ms gap durations with tinnitus-pitch-matched and non-matched frequency background noises. At the 20-ms gap condition with the tinnitus-pitch-matched frequency background noise, only the tinnitus group showed an inhibition deficit of the N1-P2 complex. The inhibition deficits were absent in both groups with longer gap durations. These findings suggested that the effect of tinnitus emerged depending on the cue onset timing and duration of the gap-prepulse. Since inhibition deficits were observed in both groups at the same 20-ms gap condition, but with the tinnitus-pitch-non-matched frequency background noise, the present study did not offer proof of concept for tinnitus filling in the gap. Additional studies on the intrinsic effects of different background frequencies on the gap processing are required in the future.



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Tinnitus and hyperacusis: Contributions of paraflocculus, reticular formation and stress

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yu-Chen Chen, Guang-Di Chen, Ben Auerbach, Senthilvelan Manohar, Kelly Radziwon, Richard Salvi
Tinnitus and hyperacusis are common and potentially serious hearing disorders associated with noise-, age- or drug-induced hearing loss. Accumulating evidence suggests that tinnitus and hyperacusis are linked to excessive neural activity in a distributed brain network that not only includes the central auditory pathway, but also brain regions involved in arousal, emotion, stress and motor control. Here we examine electrophysiological changes in two novel non-auditory areas implicated in tinnitus and hyperacusis: the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), involved in arousal, and the paraflocculus lobe of the cerebellum (PFL), implicated in head-eye coordination and gating tinnitus and we measure the changes in corticosterone stress hormone levels. Using the salicylate-induced model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, we found that long-latency (>10 ms) sound-evoked response components in both the brain regions were significantly enhanced after salicylate administration, while the short-latency responses were reduced, likely reflecting cochlear hearing loss. These results are consistent with the central gain model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, which proposes that these disorders arise from the amplification of neural activity in central auditory pathway plus other regions linked to arousal, emotion, tinnitus gating and motor control. Finally, we demonstrate that salicylate results in an increase in corticosterone level in a dose-dependent manner consistent with the notion that stress may interact with hearing loss in tinnitus and hyperacusis development. This increased stress response has the potential to have wide-ranging effects on the central nervous system and may therefore contribute to brain-wide changes in neural activity.

Graphical abstract

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The gap-prepulse inhibition deficit of the cortical N1-P2 complex in patients with tinnitus: The effect of gap duration

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yunseo Ku, Joong woo Ahn, Chiheon Kwon, Do Youn Kim, Myung-Whan Suh, Moo Kyun Park, Jun Ho Lee, Seung Ha Oh, Hee Chan Kim
The present study aimed to investigate whether gap-prepulse inhibition (GPI) deficit in patients with tinnitus occurred in the N1-P2 complex of the cortical auditory evoked potential. Auditory late responses to the intense sound of the GPI paradigm were obtained from 16 patients with tinnitus and 18 age- and hearing loss-matched controls without tinnitus. The inhibition degrees of the N1-P2 complex were assessed at 100-, 50-, and 20-ms gap durations with tinnitus-pitch-matched and non-matched frequency background noises. At the 20-ms gap condition with the tinnitus-pitch-matched frequency background noise, only the tinnitus group showed an inhibition deficit of the N1-P2 complex. The inhibition deficits were absent in both groups with longer gap durations. These findings suggested that the effect of tinnitus emerged depending on the cue onset timing and duration of the gap-prepulse. Since inhibition deficits were observed in both groups at the same 20-ms gap condition, but with the tinnitus-pitch-non-matched frequency background noise, the present study did not offer proof of concept for tinnitus filling in the gap. Additional studies on the intrinsic effects of different background frequencies on the gap processing are required in the future.



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via IFTTT

Tinnitus and hyperacusis: Contributions of paraflocculus, reticular formation and stress

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yu-Chen Chen, Guang-Di Chen, Ben Auerbach, Senthilvelan Manohar, Kelly Radziwon, Richard Salvi
Tinnitus and hyperacusis are common and potentially serious hearing disorders associated with noise-, age- or drug-induced hearing loss. Accumulating evidence suggests that tinnitus and hyperacusis are linked to excessive neural activity in a distributed brain network that not only includes the central auditory pathway, but also brain regions involved in arousal, emotion, stress and motor control. Here we examine electrophysiological changes in two novel non-auditory areas implicated in tinnitus and hyperacusis: the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), involved in arousal, and the paraflocculus lobe of the cerebellum (PFL), implicated in head-eye coordination and gating tinnitus and we measure the changes in corticosterone stress hormone levels. Using the salicylate-induced model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, we found that long-latency (>10 ms) sound-evoked response components in both the brain regions were significantly enhanced after salicylate administration, while the short-latency responses were reduced, likely reflecting cochlear hearing loss. These results are consistent with the central gain model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, which proposes that these disorders arise from the amplification of neural activity in central auditory pathway plus other regions linked to arousal, emotion, tinnitus gating and motor control. Finally, we demonstrate that salicylate results in an increase in corticosterone level in a dose-dependent manner consistent with the notion that stress may interact with hearing loss in tinnitus and hyperacusis development. This increased stress response has the potential to have wide-ranging effects on the central nervous system and may therefore contribute to brain-wide changes in neural activity.

Graphical abstract

from #Audiology via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2mC9Xqy
via IFTTT

The gap-prepulse inhibition deficit of the cortical N1-P2 complex in patients with tinnitus: The effect of gap duration

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yunseo Ku, Joong woo Ahn, Chiheon Kwon, Do Youn Kim, Myung-Whan Suh, Moo Kyun Park, Jun Ho Lee, Seung Ha Oh, Hee Chan Kim
The present study aimed to investigate whether gap-prepulse inhibition (GPI) deficit in patients with tinnitus occurred in the N1-P2 complex of the cortical auditory evoked potential. Auditory late responses to the intense sound of the GPI paradigm were obtained from 16 patients with tinnitus and 18 age- and hearing loss-matched controls without tinnitus. The inhibition degrees of the N1-P2 complex were assessed at 100-, 50-, and 20-ms gap durations with tinnitus-pitch-matched and non-matched frequency background noises. At the 20-ms gap condition with the tinnitus-pitch-matched frequency background noise, only the tinnitus group showed an inhibition deficit of the N1-P2 complex. The inhibition deficits were absent in both groups with longer gap durations. These findings suggested that the effect of tinnitus emerged depending on the cue onset timing and duration of the gap-prepulse. Since inhibition deficits were observed in both groups at the same 20-ms gap condition, but with the tinnitus-pitch-non-matched frequency background noise, the present study did not offer proof of concept for tinnitus filling in the gap. Additional studies on the intrinsic effects of different background frequencies on the gap processing are required in the future.



from #Audiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/2mC3pIl
via IFTTT

Tinnitus and hyperacusis: Contributions of paraflocculus, reticular formation and stress

Publication date: Available online 7 March 2017
Source:Hearing Research
Author(s): Yu-Chen Chen, Guang-Di Chen, Ben Auerbach, Senthilvelan Manohar, Kelly Radziwon, Richard Salvi
Tinnitus and hyperacusis are common and potentially serious hearing disorders associated with noise-, age- or drug-induced hearing loss. Accumulating evidence suggests that tinnitus and hyperacusis are linked to excessive neural activity in a distributed brain network that not only includes the central auditory pathway, but also brain regions involved in arousal, emotion, stress and motor control. Here we examine electrophysiological changes in two novel non-auditory areas implicated in tinnitus and hyperacusis: the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), involved in arousal, and the paraflocculus lobe of the cerebellum (PFL), implicated in head-eye coordination and gating tinnitus and we measure the changes in corticosterone stress hormone levels. Using the salicylate-induced model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, we found that long-latency (>10 ms) sound-evoked response components in both the brain regions were significantly enhanced after salicylate administration, while the short-latency responses were reduced, likely reflecting cochlear hearing loss. These results are consistent with the central gain model of tinnitus and hyperacusis, which proposes that these disorders arise from the amplification of neural activity in central auditory pathway plus other regions linked to arousal, emotion, tinnitus gating and motor control. Finally, we demonstrate that salicylate results in an increase in corticosterone level in a dose-dependent manner consistent with the notion that stress may interact with hearing loss in tinnitus and hyperacusis development. This increased stress response has the potential to have wide-ranging effects on the central nervous system and may therefore contribute to brain-wide changes in neural activity.

Graphical abstract

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