The immunogenicity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic patients—a 6-month follow-up prospective study

Abstract

Introduction

Influenza may cause severe complications in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIRD), to whom vaccinations are especially recommended. However, AIRD patients require cautious scrutiny of immunogenicity as they might exhibit poor antibody response to vaccination, especially when taking immunomodulatory medications.

Aim

The aim was to determine immunogenicity of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine in AIRD patients, its timeline/persistence, and influence of medications on immune response.

Methods

One hundred and thirty-seven AIRD and 54 healthy controls were vaccinated with trivalent seasonal influenza. After 3–5 weeks, 15 healthy controls and 93 AIRD were vaccinated with pandemic influenza vaccine, and 63 of patients were vaccinated a second time after 3–5 weeks. Sera were collected before vaccination, 18–90 days after each vaccination, and more than 180 days after the last vaccination. The immune response was measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and IgG/IgA antibodies against influenza A/B with ELISA.

Results

Our findings indicate that following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine, seroprotection, seroresponse, and change in geometric mean titers (GMT) in AIRD patients was not compromised compared to healthy. Similarly, we report for pandemic influenza vaccination little added benefit of the second dose. We confirm lowest increase in HI titer in rituximab-treated AIRD compared to other medications. Vaccination largely tilts the balance from negative ELISA A IgG and IgA titers to positive titers in seasonal H1N1 seroresponsive AIRD patients and controls. A significant decrease in HI GMT and seroprotection was observed only in AIRD at > 180 days after vaccination highlighting an absent persistence of immunogenic response in AIRD patients. Due to high initial HI titers for influenza vaccine, we foresee their benefit in personalized medicine in the future.

Conclusion

Influenza vaccination is immunologically active for AIRD, with little value of the second dose of the pandemic vaccine and further scrutiny on persistence of immune response to vaccine in AIRD is needed.

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